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Theory and Modern Applications

Table 1 The absolute error for Example 7.1 for different estimations of \(k, M\) at \(\alpha=1\)

From: Solution of fractional Volterra–Fredholm integro-differential equations under mixed boundary conditions by using the HOBW method

x

k = 3,M = 4

k = 4,M = 5

k = 5,M = 6

k = 6,M = 7

k = 7,M = 8

0.1

1.6403 × 10−7

1.4281 × 10−9

2.0695 × 10−10

1.574 × 10−12

4.2461 × 10−14

0.2

2.5018 × 10−7

2.7054 × 10−9

4.1957 × 10−10

2.1255 × 10−12

5.0451 × 10−14

0.3

1.4102 × 10−7

4.7082 × 10−9

1.4795 × 10−10

2.1443 × 10−12

2.6821 × 10−14

0.4

2.1512 × 10−7

6.5014 × 10−9

3.1759 × 10−10

3.1682 × 10−12

3.5171 × 10−14

0.5

1.9018 × 10−7

2.7802 × 10−9

5.6087 × 10−10

4.6833 × 10−12

2.6417 × 10−14

0.6

4.4186 × 10−7

2.3081 × 10−9

2.2781 × 10−10

3.6951 × 10−12

1.7129 × 10−13

0.7

3.1042 × 10−6

4.2721 × 10−8

1.7309 × 10−9

1.2071 × 10−11

2.6357 × 10−13

0.8

4.3051 × 10−6

1.3062 × 10−8

2.9053 × 10−9

2.2721 × 10−11

3.6457 × 10−13

0.9

3.2101 × 10−6

2.3775 × 10−8

2.0941 × 10−9

3.2974 × 10−11

1.6864 × 10−13