Table 1 Parameters of the disease model and their meanings

β (transmission rate)

2.1011 × 10⁻⁸–9.11 × 10⁻⁸ [49, 50]

3.511 × 10⁻⁸ day⁻¹

1/m (inverse incubation period)

1/14–1/2 day⁻¹

1/7 day⁻¹

ω (fraction of infected individuals that do not show symptoms)

0.35–0.4 [48]

0.37

\(\tau _{1}\) (progression rate of asymptomatic individuals to confirmed, depends on contact tracing and testing)

1/20–1/5 day⁻¹ [50, 51]

1/15 day⁻¹

\(\tau _{2}\) (progression rate of symptomatic individuals to confirmed, depends on contact tracing and testing)

1/5–1 day⁻¹ [50, 51]

1/3 day⁻¹

\(\theta _{1}\) (recovery rate, confirmed)

0.11624 day⁻¹ [49]

0.11624 day⁻¹

\(\theta _{2}\) (natural recovery rate)

0.13798 day⁻¹ [49]

0.13798 day⁻¹

γ (disease mortality rate)

1.7826 × 10⁻⁵ [49, 50]

1.7826 × 10⁻⁵

ρ (transition rate from asymptomatic to symptomatic)

assumed

0.2

S(0) (initial value of the susceptible)

[50]

11,081,000

E(0) (initial value of the expose)

[50]

399

\(I_{1}(0)\) (initial value asymptomatic)

[50]

28

\(I_{2}(0)\) (initial value of symptomatic)

[50]

54

C(0) (initial value of confirmed)

[50]

41

R(0) (initial value of recovered)

[50]

12