The impact of resource limitation on the pest-natural enemy ecosystem with anti-predator behavior and fear effect

Advances in Continuous and Discrete Models

Theory and Modern Applications

Table 1 List of biological significance and dimensions

Parameters	Biological significance	Dimension
x	Pest population density	biomass
y	Predator population density	biomass
r	Maximum intrinsic growth rate of pests	time⁻¹
a	Cost of fear of predators	biomass⁻¹
K	Carrying capacity of the pest population	biomass
v	Investment of pests in anti-predator behavior	biomass ⋅ time⁻¹
ε	Efficiency of the anti-predator behavior	biomass⁻¹⋅time
q	Predation rate against pests	biomass⁻¹⋅time⁻¹
b	Rate of predator satisfaction to prey	biomass⁻¹
c	Conversion rate of pests to predators	dimensionless
m	Mortality rate of predators	time⁻¹
p	Maximum instantaneous killing rate of a pesticide against pests	dimensionless
h	Half-saturation coefficient	biomass
τ	Maximum number of natural enemies released at one-time	biomass
δ	Tuning parameters for predator density	biomass⁻¹

Note that dimensionless means that the parameter cannot be represented by biomass and time in model (1). We refer to [35] for more information on the dimensions of parameters.