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Symmetry Properties of Higher-Order Bernoulli Polynomials
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2009, Article number: 318639 (2009)
Abstract
We investigate properties of identities and some interesting identities of symmetry for the Bernoulli polynomials of higher order using the multivariate -adic invariant integral on
.
1. Introduction
Let be a fixed prime number. Throughout this paper
and
will, respectively, denote the ring of
-adic rational integers, the field of
-adic rational numbers, and the completion of algebraic closure of
. For
, we use the notation
. Let
be the space of uniformly differentiable functions on
and let
be the normalized exponential valuation of
with
. For
with
, the
-Volkenborn integral on
is defined as

(see [1, 2]). The ordinary -adic invariant integral on
is given by

(see [1–15]). Let . Then we easily see that

From (1.3), we can derive

(see [2, 8–10]), where are the
th Bernoulli numbers.
By (1.2) and (1.3), we easily see that

where for
It is known that the Bernoulli polynomials are defined by

where are called the
th Bernoulli polynomials. The Bernoulli polynomials of order
, denoted
, are defined as

(see [3–6]). Then the values of at
are called the Bernoulli numbers of order
. When
, the polynomials or numbers are called the Bernoulli polynomials or numbers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate some interesting properties of symmetry for the multivariate
-adic invariant integral on
. From the properties of symmetry for the multivariate
-adic invariant integral on
, we derive some interesting identities of symmetry for the Bernoulli polynomials of higher order.
2. Symmetry Properties of Higher-Order Bernoulli Polynomials
Let . Then we define

From (2.1), we note that

where
In (2.1), we note that is symmetric in
. By (2.1), we see that

It is easy to see that

From (2.1), (2.3), and the above formula, we can derive

By the symmetry of in
and
, we see that

By comparing the coefficients on both sides of (2.5) and (2.6), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.1.
For , one has

Let and
in (2.7). Then we have the following corollary.
Corollary 2.2.
For , one has

If we take in (2.8), then we also obtain the following corollary.
Corollary 2.3.
For one has

By the definition of , we easily see that

From the symmetric property of in
, we note that

By comparing the coefficients on both sides of (2.10) and (2.11), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.4.
For , one has

Let and
in (2.12). Then we obtain the following Corollary 2.5.
Corollary 2.5.
For , one has

From (2.12), we can get the well-known result due to Raabe:

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Kim, T., Hwang, KW. & Kim, YH. Symmetry Properties of Higher-Order Bernoulli Polynomials. Adv Differ Equ 2009, 318639 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/318639
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/318639
Keywords
- Differential Equation
- Partial Differential Equation
- Ordinary Differential Equation
- Functional Analysis
- Functional Equation