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Oscillation of Second-Order Mixed-Nonlinear Delay Dynamic Equations
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2010, Article number: 389109 (2010)
Abstract
New oscillation criteria are established for second-order mixed-nonlinear delay dynamic equations on time scales by utilizing an interval averaging technique. No restriction is imposed on the coefficient functions and the forcing term to be nonnegative.
1. Introduction
In this paper we are concerned with oscillatory behavior of the second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equation of the form

on an arbitrary time scale , where

the functions ,
,
:
are right-dense continuous with
nondecreasing; the delay functions
are nondecreasing right-dense continuous and satisfy
for
with
as
.
We assume that the time scale is unbounded above, that is,
and define the time scale interval
by
. It is also assumed that the reader is already familiar with the time scale calculus. A comprehensive treatment of calculus on time scales can be found in [1–3].
By a solution of (1.1) we mean a nontrivial real valued function such that
and
for all
with
, and that
satisfies (1.1). A function
is called an oscillatory solution of (1.1) if
is neither eventually positive nor eventually negative, otherwise it is nonoscillatory. Equation (1.1) is said to be oscillatory if and only if every solution
of (1.1) is oscillatory.
Notice that when , (1.1) is reduced to the second-order nonlinear delay differential equation

while when , it becomes a delay difference equation

Another useful time scale is and
is a real number
, which leads to the quantum calculus. In this case, (1.1) is the
-difference equation

where ,
, and
.
Interval oscillation criteria are more natural in view of the Sturm comparison theory since it is stated on an interval rather than on infinite rays and hence it is necessary to establish more interval oscillation criteria for equations on arbitrary time scales as in . As far as we know when
, an interval oscillation criterion for forced second-order linear differential equations was first established by El-Sayed [4]. In 2003, Sun [5] demonstrated nicely how the interval criteria method can be applied to delay differential equations of the form

where the potential and the forcing term
may oscillate. Some of these interval oscillation criteria were recently extended to second-order dynamic equations in [6–10]. Further results on oscillatory and nonoscillatory behavior of the second order nonlinear dynamic equations on time scales can be found in [11–23], and the references cited therein.
Therefore, motivated by Sun and Meng's paper [24], using similar techniques introduced in [17] by Kong and an arithmetic-geometric mean inequality, we give oscillation criteria for second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equations of the form (1.1). Examples are considered to illustrate the results.
2. Main Results
We need the following lemmas in proving our results. The first two lemmas can be found in [25, Lemma ].
Lemma 2.1.
Let ,
be the
tuple satisfying
. Then, there exists an
tuple
satisfying

Lemma 2.2.
Let ,
be the
tuple satisfying
. Then there exists an
tuple
satisfying

The next two lemmas are quite elementary via differential calculus; see [23, 25].
Lemma 2.3.
Let , and
be nonnegative real numbers. Then

Lemma 2.4.
Let , and
be nonnegative real numbers. Then

The last important lemma that we need is a special case of the one given in [6]. For completeness, we provide a proof.
Lemma 2.5.
Let be a nondecreasing right-dense continuous function with
, and
with
. If
is a positive function such that
is nonincreasing on
with
nondecreasing, then

Proof.
By the Mean Value Theorem [2, Theorem ]

for some , for any
. Since
is nonincreasing and
is nondecreasing, we have

and so ,
. Now

Define

It follows from (2.8) that for
and
. Thus, we have

which completes the proof.
In what follows we say that a function belongs to
if and only if
is right-dense continuous function on
having continuous
-partial derivatives on
, with
for all
and
for all
. Note that in case
, the
-partial derivatives become the usual partial derivatives of
. The partial derivatives for the cases
and
will be explicitly given later.
Denoting the -partial derivatives
and
of
with respect to
and
by
and
, respectively, the theorems below extend the results obtained in [5] to nonlinear delay dynamic equation on arbitrary time scales and coincide with them when
is replaced by
. Indeed, if we set
, then it follows that

When , they become

as in [5]. However, we prefer using instead of
for simplicity.
Theorem 2.6.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist subintervals
and
of
, where
and
such that

where

hold. Let be an
tuple satisfying (2.1) of Lemma 2.1. If there exist a function
and numbers
such that

for , where

then (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof.
Suppose on the contrary that is a nonoscillatory solution of (1.1). First assume that
and
are positive for all
for some
. Choose
sufficiently large so that
. Let
.
Define

Using the delta quotient rule, we have

Notice that

which implies

Hence, we obtain

Substituting (2.21) into (1.1) yields

By assumption, we can choose such that
(
) and
for all
, where
is defined as in (2.14). Clearly, the conditions of Lemma 2.5 are satisfied when,
replaced with
for each fixed
. Therefore, from (2.5), we have

and taking into account (2.22) yields

Denote

From (2.24), we have

Now recall the well-known arithmetic-geometric mean inequality, see [26],

where and
,
. Setting

in (2.26) yields

From (2.29) and taking into account (2.27), we get

and hence,

which yields

where

Multiplying both sides of (2.32) by and integrating both sides of the resulting inequality from
to
yield

Fix and note that

from which we obtain

Therefore,

Notice that

since and hence, we obtain from (2.34) that

On the other hand,

Taking into account that , we have

Using this inequality in (2.39), we have

Similarly, by following the above calculation step by step, that is, multiplying both sides of (2.32) this time by after taking into account that

one can easily obtain

Adding up (2.42) and (2.44), we obtain

This contradiction completes the proof when is eventually positive. The proof when
is eventually negative is analogous by repeating the above arguments on the interval
instead of
.
Corollary 2.7.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist subintervals
and
of
such that

where holds. Let
be an
tuple satisfying (2.1) of Lemma 2.1. If there exist a function
and numbers
such that

for , where

then (1.3) is oscillatory.
Corollary 2.8.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist
with
and
such that for each
,

where holds. Let
be an
tuple satisfying (2.1) of Lemma 2.1. If there exist a function
and numbers
such that

for , where

then (1.4) is oscillatory.
Corollary 2.9.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist
with
and
such that for each
,

where holds. Let
be an
tuple satisfying (2.1) of Lemma 2.1. If there exist a function
and numbers
such that

for , where

then (1.5) is oscillatory.
Notice that Theorem 2.6 does not apply if there is no forcing term, that is, . In this case we have the following theorem.
Theorem 2.10.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exists a subinterval
of
, where
such that

where holds. Let
be an
tuple satisfying (2.2) in Lemma 2.2. If there exist a function
and a number
such that

where

then (1.1) with is oscillatory.
Proof.
We will just highlight the proof since it is the same as the proof of Theorem 2.6. We should remark here that taking and
in proof of Theorem 2.6, we arrive at

The arithmetic-geometric mean inequality we now need is

where and
,
are as in Lemma 2.2.
Corollary 2.11.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exists a subinterval
of
, where
with
such that

where holds. Let
be an
tuple satisfying (2.2) in Lemma 2.2. If there exist a function
and a number
such that

where

then (1.3) with is oscillatory.
Corollary 2.12.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exists
with
such that

where holds. Let
be an
tuple satisfying (2.2) in Lemma 2.2. If there exist a function
and a number
such that

where

then (1.4) with is oscillatory.
Corollary 2.13.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist
with
such that

where holds. Let
be an
tuple satisfying (2.2) in Lemma 2.2. If there exist a function
and a number
such that

where

then (1.5) with is oscillatory.
It is obvious that Theorem 2.6 is not applicable if the functions are nonpositive for
. In this case the theorem below is valid.
Theorem 2.14.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist subintervals
and
of
, where
and
such that

where holds. If there exist a function
, positive numbers
and
satisfying

and numbers such that

for where

with

then (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof.
Suppose that (1.1) has a nonoscillatory solution. Without losss of generality, we may assume that and
are eventually positive on
when
is sufficiently large. If
is eventually negative, one may repeat the same proof step by step on the interval
Rewriting (1.1) for as

and applying Lemma 2.3 to each term in the first sum, we obtain

where for
. Setting

yields

Substituting the above last equality into (2.75), we have

It follows from (2.5) that



Notice that the second sum in (2.78) can be written as

and hence applying the Lemma 2.4 yields

where and
for
Using (2.79), (2.80), and (2.78) into (2.78), we obtain

Setting

we have

The rest of the proof is the same as that of Theorem 2.6 and hence it is omitted.
Corollary 2.15.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist subintervals
and
of
, where
and
such that

where holds. If there exist a function
, positive numbers
and
satisfying

and numbers such that

for where

with

then (1.3) is oscillatory.
Corollary 2.16.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist
with
and
such that for each
,

where holds. If there exist a function
, positive numbers
and
satisfying

and numbers such that

for , where

with

then (1.4) is oscillatory.
Corollary 2.17.
Suppose that for any given (arbitrarily large) there exist
with
and
such that for each
,

where holds. If there exist a function
, positive numbers
and
satisfying

and numbers such that

for , where

with

then (1.5) is oscillatory.
3. Examples
In this section we give three examples when , and
,
in (1.1). That is, we consider

For simplicity we take , thus
. Note that
and
by Lemma 2.2.
Example 3.1.
Let and
be constants. Consider the differential equation

Let ,
, and
,
.
We calculate

and see that (2.61) holds if

Since all conditions of Corollary 2.11 are satisfied, we conclude that (3.2) is oscillatory when (3.4) holds.
Example 3.2.
Let and
be constants. Define
,
, and
for
,
,
; otherwise, the functions are defined arbitrarily. Consider the difference equation

Let ,
, and
. We derive

and see that positivity in (2.64) satisfies if

Since all conditions of Corollary 2.12 are satisfied, we conclude that (3.5) is oscillatory if (3.7) holds.
Example 3.3.
Let and
be constants. Define
,
and
for
,
,
; otherwise, the functions are defined arbitrarily. Consider the
-difference equation, (
),

Let ,
, and
. We have

We see that (2.67) holds for all and
. Since all conditions of Corollary 2.12 are satisfied, we conclude that (3.8) is oscillatory if
and
are positive.
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Acknowledgments
The paper is supported in part by the Scientific and Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under Contract 108T688. The authors would like to thank the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions.
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Ünal, M., Zafer, A. Oscillation of Second-Order Mixed-Nonlinear Delay Dynamic Equations. Adv Differ Equ 2010, 389109 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/389109
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/389109