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Time-Scale-Dependent Criteria for the Existence of Positive Solutions to -Laplacian Multipoint Boundary Value Problem

Advances in Difference Equations volume 2010, Article number: 746106 (2010) Cite this article

Abstract

By virtue of the Avery-Henderson fixed point theorem and the five functionals fixed point theorem, we analytically establish several sufficient criteria for the existence of at least two or three positive solutions in the -Laplacian dynamic equations on time scales with a particular kind of -Laplacian and -point boundary value condition. It is this kind of boundary value condition that leads the established criteria to be dependent on the time scales. Also we provide a representative and nontrivial example to illustrate a possible application of the analytical results established. We believe that the established analytical results and the example together guarantee the reliability of numerical computation of those -Laplacian and -point boundary value problems on time scales.

1. Introduction

The investigation of dynamic equations on time scales, originally attributed to Stefan Hilger's seminal work [1, 2] two decades ago, is now undergoing a rapid development. It not only unifies the existing results and principles for both differential equations and difference equations with constant time stepsize but also invites novel and nontrivial discussions and theories for hybrid equations on various types of time scales [3–11]. On the other hand, along with the significant development of the theories, practical applications of dynamic equations on time scales in mathematical modeling of those real processes and phenomena, such as the population dynamics, the economic evolutions, the chemical kinetics, and the neural signal processing, have been becoming richer and richer [12, 13].

As one of the focal topics in the research of dynamic equations on time scales, the study of boundary value problems for some specific dynamic equations on time scales recently has elicited a great deal of attention from mathematical community [14–33]. In particular, a series of works have been presented to discuss the existence of positive solutions in the boundary value problems for the second-order equations on time scales [14–21]. More recently, some analytical criteria have been established for the existence of positive solutions in some specific boundary value problems for the -Laplacian dynamic equations on time scales [22, 33].

Concretely, He [25] investigated the following dynamic equation:

(1.1)

with the boundary value conditions

(1.2)

Here and throughout, is supposed to be a time scale; that is, is any nonempty closed subset of real numbers in with order and topological structure defined in a canonical way. The closed interval in is defined as . Accordingly, the open interval and the half-open interval could be defined, respectively. In addition, it is assumed that , , , , and for some positive constants and . Moreover, is supposed to be the -Laplacian operator, that is, and , in which and . With these configurations and with the aid of the Avery-Henderson fixed point theorem [34], He established the criteria for the existence of at least two positive solutions in (1.1) fulfilling the boundary value conditions (1.2).

Later on, Su and Li [24] discussed the dynamic equation (1.1) which satisfies the boundary value conditions

(1.3)

where , , and for . By virtue of the five functionals fixed point theorem [35], they proved that the dynamic equation (1.1) with conditions (1.3) has three positive solutions at least. Meanwhile, He and Li in [26], studied the dynamic equation (1.1) satisfying either the boundary value conditions

(1.4)

or the conditions

(1.5)

In the light of the five functionals fixed point theorem, they established the criteria for the existence of at least three solutions for the dynamic equation (1.1) either with conditions (1.4) or with conditions (1.5).

More recently, Yaslan [27, 28] investigated the dynamic equation:

(1.6)

which satisfies either the boundary value conditions

(1.7)

or the conditions

(1.8)

Here, , , , and . Indeed, Yaslan analytically established the conditions for the existence of at least two or three positive solutions in these boundary value problems by virtue of the Avery-Henderson fixed point theorem and the Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem [36]. It is worthwhile to mention that these theoretical results are novel even for some special cases on time scales, such as the conventional difference equations with fixed time stepsize and the ordinary differential equations.

Motivated by the aforementioned results and techniques in coping with those boundary value problems on time scales, we thus turn to investigate the possible existence of multiple positive solutions for the following one-dimensional -Laplacian dynamic equation:

(1.9)

with the -Laplacian and -point boundary value conditions:

(1.10)

In the following discussion, we implement three hypotheses as follows.

  • (H1) One has for , , and .

  • (H2)One has that is left dense continuous (-continuous), and there exists a such that . Also is continuous.

  • (H3)Both and are continuously odd functions defined on . There exist two positive numbers and such that, for any ,

(1.11)

and that

(1.12)

It is clear that, together with conditions (1.10) and the above hypotheses ()–(), the dynamic equation (1.9) not only covers the corresponding boundary value problems in the literature, but even nontrivially generalizes these problems to a much wider class of boundary value problems on time scales. Also it is valuable to mention that condition (1.12) in hypothesis () is necessarily relevant to the graininess operator around the time instant . Such kind of condition has not been required in the literature, to the best of authors' knowledge. Thus, this paper analytically establishes some new and time-scale-dependent criteria for the existence of at least double or triple positive solutions in the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10) by virtue of the Avery-Henderson fixed point theorem and the five functionals fixed point theorem. Indeed, these obtained criteria significantly extend the results existing in [26–28].

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 preliminarily provides some lemmas which are crucial to the following discussion. Section 3 analytically establishes the criteria for the existence of at least two positive solutions in the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10) with the aid of the Avery-Henderson fixed point theorem. Section 4 gives some sufficient conditions for the existence of at least three positive solutions by means of the five functionals fixed point theorem. More importantly, Section 5 provides a representative and nontrivial example to illustrate a possible application of the obtained analytical results on dynamic equations on time scales. Finally, the paper is closed with some concluding remarks.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we intend to provide several lemmas which are crucial to the proof of the main results in this paper. However, for concision, we omit the introduction of those elementary notations and definitions, which can be found in [11, 12, 33] and references therein.

The following lemmas are based on the following linear boundary value problems:

(2.1)

Lemma 2.1.

Assume that . Then, for , the linear boundary value problems (2.1) have a unique solution satisfying

(2.2)

for all .

Proof.

According to the formula introduced in [12], we have

(2.3)

Thus, we obtain that

(2.4)

and that

(2.5)

To this end, it is not hard to check that satisfies (2.2), which implies that is a solution of the problems (2.1).

Furthermore, in order to verify the uniqueness, we suppose that both and are the solutions of the problems (2.1). Then, we have

(2.6)
(2.7)
(2.8)

According to Theorem in [37], (2.6) further yields

(2.9)

Hence, from (2.7) and (2.9), the assumption , and the definition of the -Laplacian operator, it follows that

(2.10)

This equation, together with (2.8), further implies

(2.11)

which consequently leads to the completion of the proof, that is, specified in (2.2) is the unique solution of the problems (2.1).

Lemma 2.2.

Assume that and that . If , then the unique solution of the problems (2.1) satisfies

(2.12)

Proof.

By (2.2) specified in Lemma 2.1, we get

(2.13)

Thus, is nonincreasing in the interval . In addition, notice that

(2.14)

The last term in the above estimation is no less than zero because of the assumptions. Thus, from the monotonicity of , we get

(2.15)

which completes the proof.

Now, denote that and that , where . Thus, it is easy to verify that endowed with becomes a Banach space. Furthermore, define a cone, denoted by , through,

(2.16)

Also, for a given positive real number , define a function set by

(2.17)

Naturally, we denote that and that . With these settings, we have the following properties.

Lemma 2.3.

If then for any , for any pair of with .

The proof of this lemma, which could be found in [26, 28], is directly from the specific construction of the set . Next, let us construct a map through

(2.18)

for any . Then, through a standard argument [33], it is not hard to validate the following properties on this map.

Lemma 2.4.

Assume that the hypotheses are all fulfilled. Then, , and is completely continuous.

3. At Least Two Positive Solutions in Boundary Value Problems

In this section, we aim to adopt the well-known Avery-Henderson fixed point theorem to prove the existence of at least two positive solutions in the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10). For the sake of self-containment, we first state the Avery-Henderson fixed point theorem as follows.

Theorem 3.1 (see [34]).

Let be a cone in a real Banach space . For each , set . Let and be increasing, nonnegative continuous functionals on , and let be a nonnegative continuous functional on with such that, for some and ,

(3.1)

for all . Suppose that there exist a completely continuous operator and three positive numbers such that

(3.2)

and for all , for all , and and for all . Then, the operator has at least two fixed points, denoted by and , belonging to and satisfying with and with .

Now, set and select satisfying . Denote, respectively, that

(3.3)

Hence, we are in a position to obtain the following results.

Theorem 3.2.

Assume that the hypotheses all hold and that there exist positive real numbers , , such that

(3.4)

In addition, assume that satisfies the following conditions:

  • (C1) for and ;

  • (C2) for and ;

  • (C3) for and

Then, the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10) have at least two positive solutions and such that

(3.5)

Proof.

Construct the cone and the operator as specified in (2.16) and (2.18), respectively. In addition, define the increasing, nonnegative, and continuous functionals , , and on , respectively, by

(3.6)

Evidently, for each .

In addition, for each , Lemma 2.3 manifests that . Thus, we have

(3.7)

for each . Also, notice that for and . Furthermore, from Lemma 2.4, it follows that the operator is completely continuous.

In what follows, we are to verify that all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied with respect to the operator .

Let . Then, . This implies that for , which, combined with (3.7), yields

(3.8)

for . Because of assumption (), for . According to the specific form in (2.18), Lemma 2.3, and the property , we obtain that

(3.9)

Thus, condition (i) in Theorem 3.1 is satisfied.

Next, consider . In such a case, we have , which implies that for . Analogously, it follows from (3.7) that, for all ,

(3.10)

Therefore, we obtain for . This, combined with assumption (), gives for all . Thus, we have

(3.11)

which consequently implies the validity of condition (ii) in Theorem 3.1.

Finally, notice that the constant functions , so that . Let . Then, we get . This with assumption implies that and for all . Similarly, we have

(3.12)

Indeed, the validity of condition (iii) in Theorem 3.1 is verified.

According to Theorem 3.1, we consequently approach the conclusion that the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10) possess at least two positive solutions, denoted by and , satisfying with and with , respectively.

4. At Least Three Positive Solutions in Boundary Value Problems

In this section, we are to prove the existence of at least three positive solutions in the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10) by using the five functionals fixed point theorem which is attributed to Avery [35].

Let be nonnegative continuous convex functionals on . and are supposed to be nonnegative continuous concave functionals on . Thus, for nonnegative real numbers , , , , and , define five convex sets, respectively, by

(4.1)

Theorem 4.1 (see [35]).

Let be a cone in a real Banach space . Suppose that and are nonnegative continuous concave functionals on , and that , , and are nonnegative continuous convex functionals on such that, for some positive numbers and ,

(4.2)

for all . In addition, suppose that is a completely continuous operator and that there exist nonnegative real numbers with such that

  1. (i)

    and for

  2. (ii)

    and for

  3. (iii)

    for with

  4. (iv)

    for with

Then the operator admits at least three fixed points ,, satisfying , , and with , respectively.

With this theorem, we are now in a position to establish the following result on the existence of at least three solutions in the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10).

Theorem 4.2.

Suppose that the hypotheses are all fulfilled. Assume that there exist positive real numbers , , such that

(4.3)

Also assume that satisfies the following conditions:

  • (C1) for and ;

  • (C2) for and ;

  • (C3) for and .

Then, the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10) admit at least three solutions , , and , defined on , satisfying, respectively,

(4.4)

Proof.

Let the cone be as constructed in (2.16) and the operator as defined in (2.18). Define, respectively, the nonnegative continuous concave functionals on the as follows:

(4.5)

Thus, we get for . Moreover, from Lemma 2.3, it follows that

(4.6)

for . Next, we intend to verify that all the conditions in Theorem 4.1 hold with respect to the operator .

To this end, arbitrarily pick up a function . Then, , which, combined with (4.6), implies that for and . Thus, we have for , owing to assumption (). Moreover, since , we have

(4.7)

This, with Lemma 2.4, clearly manifests that the operator is completely continuous.

Moreover, the set

(4.8)

is not empty, because the constant function belongs to the set . Analogously, the set

(4.9)

is nonempty, since . For particular , a utilization of (4.6) produces

(4.10)

for . According to assumption (), we thus obtain

(4.11)

for all . Hence, it follows from (4.11) and Lemma 2.3 that

(4.12)

This definitely verifies the validity of condition in Theorem 4.1.

Next, let us consider . In this case, we get

(4.13)

for . Thus, an adoption of the assumption () yields . Furthermore, we have

(4.14)

Accordingly, the validity of condition () in Theorem 4.1 is verified.

Aside from conditions () and (), we are finally to verify the validity of conditions () and (). For this purpose, on the one hand, consider with . Thus, we have

(4.15)

On the other hand, consider with . In such a case, we obtain that

(4.16)

Therefore, both conditions () and () in Theorem 4.1 are satisfied. Consequently, by virtue of Theorem 4.1, the boundary value problems (1.9) and (1.10) have at least three positive solutions circumscribed on satisfying , , and with .

5. A Specific Example

In this section, we provide a representative and nontrivial example to clearly illustrate the feasibility of the time-scale-dependent results of dynamic equations with boundary value conditions that are obtained in the preceding section.

Construct a nontrivial time-scale set as

(5.1)

Take all the parameters in problems (1.9) and (1.10) as follows: , , , , , , , , , , , and , so that . For simplicity but without loss of generality, set . Also notice that there exist countable right-scattered points . Then, it is easy to validate the condition

(5.2)

which is dependent on the time scale property around the time instant . Furthermore, implementing the integral formula [38]:

(5.3)

we concretely obtain that

(5.4)

Particularly, take the function in dynamic equation as

(5.5)

This kind of function is omnipresent in the mathematical modeling of biological or chemical processes. Then it allows us to properly set the other parameters as , , and . It is evident that these parameters satisfy

(5.6)

Now, we can verify the validity of conditions in Theorem 4.2. Indeed, direct computations yield:

(5.7)

as and ,

(5.8)

as and , and

(5.9)

as and . Hence, conditions in Theorem 4.2 are satisfied for the above specified functions and parameters. Therefore, in the light of Theorem 4.2, we conclude that the dynamic equation on the specified time scales

(5.10)

with the boundary value conditions

(5.11)

has at least three positive solutions defined on satisfying , , and with .

6. Concluding Remarks

In this paper, some novel and time-scale-dependent sufficient conditions are established for the existence of multiple positive solutions in a specific kind of boundary value problems on time scales. This kind of boundary value problems not only includes the problems discussed in the literature but also is adapted to more general cases. The well-known Avery-Henderson fixed point theorem and the five functionals fixed point theorem are adopted in the arguments.

It is valuable to mention that the writing form of the ending point of the interval on time scales should be accurately specified in dealing with different kind of boundary value conditions. Any inaccurate expression may lead to a problematic or incomplete discussion. Also it is noted that some other fixed point theorems and degree theories may be adapted to dealing with various boundary value problems on time scales. In addition, future directions for further generalization of the boundary value problem on time scales may include the generalization of the -Laplacian operator to increasing homeomorphism and homeomorphism, which has been investigated in [39] for the nonlinear boundary value of ordinary differential equations; the allowance of the function to change sign, which has been discussed in [31] and needs more detailed and rigorous investigations.

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Acknowledgments

This paper was supported by the NNSF of China (Grants nos. 10501008 and 60874121) and by the Rising-Star Program Foundation of Shanghai, China (Grant no. 07QA14002). The authors are grateful to the referee and editors for their very helpful suggestions and comments.

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  1. School of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Jishou University, Hunan, 416000, China

    Wenyong Zhong

  2. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China

    Wei Lin

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Zhong, W., Lin, W. Time-Scale-Dependent Criteria for the Existence of Positive Solutions to -Laplacian Multipoint Boundary Value Problem. Adv Differ Equ 2010, 746106 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/746106

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