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Oscillatory Solutions of Singular Equations Arising in Hydrodynamics
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2010, Article number: 872160 (2010)
Abstract
We investigate the singular differential equation on the half-line [), where satisfies the local Lipschitz condition on and has at least two simple zeros. The function is continuous on [) and has a positive continuous derivative on () and . We bring additional conditions for and under which the equation has oscillatory solutions with decreasing amplitudes.
1. Introduction
We study the equation
on the half-line , where
Equation (1.1) is singular at because . If in (1.1) fulfils moreover assumptions
then (1.1) generalizes equations which appear in hydrodynamics or in the nonlinear field theory [1–5].
Definition 1.1.
A function which has continuous second derivative on and satisfies (1.1) for all is called a solution of (1.1).
Consider and the initial conditions
The initial value problem (1.1), (1.7) has been investigated, for example, in [6–12]. In particular in [10] it was proved that for each negative there exists a unique solution of problem (1.1), (1.7) under the assumptions (1.2)–(1.6). Consider such solution and denote
Definition 1.2.
If ( or ), then is called a damped solution (a homoclinic solution or an escape solution) of problem (1.1), (1.7).
In [10, 12] these three types of solutions of problem (1.1), (1.7) have been studied, and the existence of each type has been proved for sublinear or linear asymptotic behaviour of near . In [11], has been supposed to have a zero . Here we generalize and extend the results of [10–12] concerning damped solutions. We prove their existence under weaker assumptions than in the above papers. Moreover, we bring conditions under which each damped solution is oscillatory; that is, it has an unbounded set of isolated zeros.
We replace assumptions (1.4)–(1.6) by the following ones.
There exist , , such that
( is possible).
2. Damped Solutions
Theorem 2.1 (Existence and uniqueness).
Assume that (1.2), (1.3), (1.9), and (1.10) hold and let . Then problem (1.1), (1.7) has a unique solution , and moreover the solution satisfies
Proof.
Step 1.
Put
We will study the auxiliary differential equation:
By virtue of (1.2) we find the Lipschitz constant for on , and due to (1.2), (1.10), and (2.2), we find such that
Put for . Having in mind (1.3), we see that is increasing and so
Consequently we can choose such that
Consider the Banach space (with the maximum norm) and define an operator by
Using (2.4) and (2.6), we have
that is maps the ball to itself. Due to (2.2) and the choice of , we have for ,
Hence is a contraction on , and the Banach fixed point theorem yields a unique fixed point of .
Step 2.
The fixed point of Step 1 fulfils
Hence satisfies (2.3) on . Finally, (2.4) and (2.5) yield
Consequently fulfils (1.7). Choose an arbitrary . Then, by (2.5) and (2.10),
Having in mind that , can be (uniquely) extended as a function satisfying (2.3) onto . Since is arbitrary, can be extended onto as a solution of (2.3). We have proved that problem (2.3), (1.7) has a unique solution.
Step 3.
According to Step 2 we have
Multiplying (2.13) by and integrating between and , we get
Put
So,(2.14) has the form
Let for some . Then (2.16) yields which is not possible because is decreasing on by (1.9) and (2.2). Therefore for . Consequently, due to (2.2), is a solution of (1.1).
Step 4.
Assume that there exists another solution of problem (1.1), (1.7). Then we can prove similarly as in Step 3 that for . This implies that is also a solution of problem (2.3), (1.7) and by Step 2, . We have proved that problem (1.1), (1.7) has a unique solution.
Lemma 2.2.
Let and let be a solution of (1.1). Assume that there exists such that
Then for all .
Proof.
We see that the constant function is a solution of (1.1). Let be a solution of (1.1) satisfying (2.17) and let for some . Then the regular initial problem (1.1), (2.17) has two different solutions and , which contradicts (1.2).
Remark 2.3.
Let us put
Due to (1.2) and (1.9) we see that is continuous on , decreasing and positive on , increasing and positive on . Therefore we can define by
(.
Theorem 2.4 (Existence of damped solutions).
Assume that (1.2), (1.3), (1.9), and (1.10) hold. Let be given by (2.19), and assume that is a solution of problem (1.1), (1.7) with . Then is a damped solution.
Proof.
Since , we can find such that
Assume on the contrary that is not damped, that is,
Then, according to Lemma 2.2, there exists such that
By (1.1), (1.3), and (1.9) we have on . So, is increasing and positive on and hence on . Assumption (2.21) implies that there exists such that
Since fulfils (1.1), we have
Multiplying (2.24) by and integrating between and we get
This contradicts (2.20).
3. Oscillatory Solutions
In this section we assume that, in addition to our basic assumptions (1.2), (1.3), (1.9), and (1.10), the following conditions are fulfilled:
Then the next lemmas can be proved.
Lemma 3.1.
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.7) with . Then there exists such that
Proof.
Step 1.
Assume that such does not exist. Then
Hence (1.1), (1.7), and (1.9) yield and on . Therefore is increasing on and
Multiplying (2.24) by and integrating between and , we get due to (2.18)
Letting , we get
Since the function is positive and increasing, it follows that there exists . If , then contrary to (3.5). Consequently,
Letting in (2.24), we get by (1.3), (1.9), and (3.5)
Due to (3.8), we conclude that and hence . We have proved that if fulfilling (3.3) does not exist, then
Step 2.
We define a function
By (1.3) and (3.2), we have ,
Due to (1.3), (3.1), (3.10) and (3.14) there exist and such that
Due to (3.4), (3.11), (3.13), and (3.15), we get
Thus, is increasing on and has the limit
If , then , which contradicts (3.4) and (3.11). If , then on and
In view of (3.16) we can see that
We get which contradicts . The obtained contradictions imply that (3.4) cannot occur and hence satisfying (3.3) must exist.
Corollary 3.2.
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.7) with . Further assume that there exist and such that
Then there exists such that
Proof.
We can argue as in the proof of Lemma 3.1 working with and instead of and .
Lemma 3.3.
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.7) with . Further assume that there exist and such that
Then there exists such that
Proof.
We argue similarly as in the proof of Lemma 3.1.
Step 1.
Assume that such does not exist. Then
By (1.1), (1.7), and (1.9) we deduce on and
Multiplying (2.24) by , integrating between and , and using (2.18), we obtain
and we derive as in the proof of Lemma 3.1 that (3.10) holds.
Step 2.
We define by (3.11) and get (3.13) for . As in the proof of Lemma 3.1 we find and satisfying (3.15). Due to (3.24), (3.11), (3.13), and (3.15) we get
So, is decreasing on and . If , then which contradicts (3.24) and (3.11). If , then on and
In view of (3.27) we can see that
We get contrary to . The obtained contradictions imply that (3.24) cannot occur and that satisfying (3.23) must exist.
Theorem 3.4.
Assume that (1.2), (1.3), (1.9), (1.10), (3.1), and (3.2) hold. Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.7) with . If is a damped solution, then is oscillatory and its amplitudes are decreasing.
Proof.
Let be a damped solution. By (2.1) and Definition 1.2, we can find such that
Step 1.
Lemma 3.1 yields satisfying (3.3). Hence there exists a maximal interval such that on . Let . Then, by (3.30), we get , on and
By (1.1), (1.3), and (1.9), we have on . So and are decreasing on and, due to (3.31),
Letting in (2.24) and using (1.3), (1.9), and (3.31), we get
which contradicts (3.32). Therefore and there exists such that (3.22) holds. Lemma 3.3 yields satisfying (3.23). Therefore has just one positive local maximum between its first zero and second zero .
Step 2.
By (3.23) there exists a maximal interval , where . Let . Then, by (3.30), we have , on , and
By (1.1), (1.3), and (1.9), we get on and so is increasing on . Since , we deduce that is increasing on and, by (3.34), we get (3.32). Letting in (1.1) and using (1.3), (1.9), and (3.34), we get
which contradicts (3.32). Therefore and there exists such that (3.20) holds. Corollary 3.2 yields satisfying (3.21). Therefore has just one negative minimum between its second zero and third zero .
Step 3.
We can continue as in Step 1 and Step 2 and get the sequences and of local maxima and local minima of attained at and , respectively. Now, put , and write (1.1) as a system
Consider of (2.18) and define a Lyapunov function by
where . By Remark 2.3, we see that and on . By (3.6) and (3.37), we have
Therefore
By (3.30), for . We see that is positive and decreasing (for the damped solution ) and hence
So, sequences and are decreasing:
for and
Further, due to Remark 2.3, the sequence is decreasing and the sequence is increasing. Consequently,
Remark 3.5.
There are two cases for the number from the proof of Theorem 3.4: and . Denote
If , then and hence , that is, .
Let . Consider an arbitrary sequence such that . By (3.40) we have . By (3.30) and (3.6), the sequence is bounded and so there exists a subsequence
such that , where is a point of the level curve:
Note that
Theorem 3.6 (Existence of oscillatory solutions).
Assume that (1.2), (1.3), (1.9), (1.10), (3.1), and (3.2) hold. Let be given by (2.19) and let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.7) with . Then is an oscillatory solution with decreasing amplitudes.
Proof.
The assertion follows from Theorems 2.4 and 3.4.
Remark 3.7.
The assumption (1.10) in Theorem 3.6 can be omitted, because it has no influence on the existence of oscillatory solutions. It follows from the fact that (1.10) imposes conditions on the function values of the function for arguments greater than ; however, the function values of oscillatory solutions are lower than this constant . This condition (used only in Theorem 2.1) guaranteed the existence of solution of each problem (1.1), (1.7) for each on the whole half-line, which simplified the investigation of the problem.
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Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Council of Czech Government MSM 6198959214.
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Rachůnková, I., Tomeček, J. & Stryja, J. Oscillatory Solutions of Singular Equations Arising in Hydrodynamics. Adv Differ Equ 2010, 872160 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/872160
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/872160