- Research
- Open Access
- Published:
Induced l∞ stability of fixed-point digital filters without overflow oscillations and instability due to finite word length effects
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2012, Article number: 51 (2012)
Abstract
This article studies a new criterion for the induced l∞ stability of fixed-point state-space digital filters without overflow oscillations and instability due to finite word length effects. The criterion not only guarantees exponential stability but also reduces the effect of external interference to an induced l∞ norm constraint. We present a numerical example, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed criterion.
1 Introduction
When designing a linear time-invariant digital filter using a fixed-point arithmetic, one encounters quantization and overflow nonlinearities. The presence of these nonlinearities may result in the instability of designed filters. The zero-input limit cycles, which are undesirable, may possibly occur due to these nonlinearities. The quantization and overflow nonlinear-ities may interact with each other. However, if the number of quantization steps is large, quantization effects may be decoupled when investigating the effects of overflow. Several researchers have studies stability criteria for digital filters employing saturation overflow arithmetic [1–8].
In the hardware implementation of high-order digital filters, they are usually split into some biquad filters before hardware implementation. Then, there may exist interferences between these biquad filters. These interferences lead to malfunction as well as destruction in the last [9, 10]. However, most existing stability criteria for digital filters are only available under specific conditions without external interference, while in unfavorable environments with external interference, unfortunately, we cannot use these existing stability criteria any more. Therefore, it is important to study an alternative criterion that can overcome the shortcomings of existing stability criteria for digital filters.
There always exist model uncertainties and external disturbances in real physical systems. In recent years, this had led to an interest in the induced l∞ approach [11, 12]. The induced l∞ approach is an effective tool to treat several dynamic systems because we can obtain general stability results using only inputs and outputs measurements. Now, the following question arises: is there an induced l∞ stability condition for digital filters with external interference and saturation arithmetic? However, as far as we are aware, for the induced l∞ stability for digital filters with external interference and saturation arithmetic, there are no results published in the literature so far.
This article studies a new stability criterion for fixed-point state-space digital filters with external interference and saturation arithmetic via the induced l∞ stability approach. This criterion is a new contribution in fields of digital filters. Under the proposed criterion, the digital filter is exponentially stable and the induced l∞ norm from the external interference to the state vector is reduced to an interference attenuation level. For a fixed scalar variable, we represent this criterion in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be solved efficiently via existing numerical algorithms such as interior point algorithms [13, 14].
This article is organized as follows. In Section 2, a new criterion for the induced l∞ stability of fixed-point state-space digital filters is proposed. In Section 3, a numerical example is given, and finally, conclusions are presented in Section 4.
2 New induced l∞stability criterion
The digital filter under consideration is described by:
where x(r) ∈ Rnis the state vector, z(r) ∈ Rpis a linear combination of the states, w(r) ∈ Rnis the external interference, A ∈ Rn×nis the coefficient matrix, and H ∈ Rp×nis a known constant matrix. The following saturation nonlinearities:
are under consideration for i = 1, 2, ..., n. Note that the saturation nonlinearities are confined to the sector [0, 1], i.e.,
In this article, given a level γ > 0, we find a new induced l∞ stability criterion such that the digital filter (1)-(3) with w(r) = 0 is exponentially stable and
under zero-initial conditions for all nonzero w(r). The parameter γ is called the induced l∞ norm bound or the interference attenuation level. In this case, the digital filter (1)-(3) is said to be exponentially stable with induced l∞ performance γ.
In the following theorem, we present a new induced l∞ stability criterion for digital filters.
Theorem 1. For a given level γ > 0, if we assume that there exist a symmetric positive definite matrix P, a positive definite diagonal matrix M, positive scalars δ, λ, and μ such that
then the digital filter (1)-(3) is exponentially stable with induced l∞performance γ.
Proof. Consider the following Lyapunov function: V(x(r)) = xT(r)Px(r). Along the trajectory of the digital filter (1), we have
From (5), it is clear that
Then, for a positive scalar δ, we have
If we use (10), we obtain a new upper bound for ΔV(x(r)) as
where Φ(r) = -2fT(y(r))M[y(r) - f(y(r))]. Note that Φ(r) is nonpositive in view of (4). If the matrix inequality (7) is satisfied, we have
Hence ΔV(x(r)) < 0 holds, whenever . Since V(x(0)) = 0 under the zero-initial condition, this shows that V(x(r)) cannot exceed the value
for r ≥ 0. It follows from (13) that
The matrix inequality (8) gives
Pre- and post-multiplying (15) by [xT(r) wT(r)] and [xT(r) wT(r)]T, respectively, yields
which ensures
from (14). Thus, we have
Taking the supremum over r ≥ 0 leads to (6).
Next, we show that, under the conditions (7) and (8), the filter (1)-(3) with w(r) = 0 is exponentially stable. V(x(r)) satisfies the following Rayleigh inequality [15]:
where λmax(·) and λmin(·) are the maximum and minimum eigenvalues of the matrix. When w(r) = 0, we have
from (12). According to Theorem 3.1 of [16], (19) and (20) guarantee the exponential stability of the digital filter (1)-(3). This completes the proof.
Corollary 1. If w(r) is bounded as wT(r)w(r) < χ, the conditions (7) and (8) guarantee that x(r) is bounded as
Proof. From (13), we have
Thus, we obtain the relation (21). This completes the proof.
Remark 1. Recently, an(or energy-to-energy) stability criterion for fixed-point state-space digital filters with saturation arithmetic and external interference was proposed in[17]. In contrast to this study, the induced l∞stability criterion can handle the worst-case peak value of the state vector for all bounded peak values of the disturbance signals.
Remark 2. For a fixed positive scalar λ, (7) and (8) are LMIs. We can apply various convex optimization algorithms to check whether these LMIs are feasible. In order to solve these LMIs, this article used MATLAB LMI Control Toolbox[14].
Remark 3. The l∞induced norm[11, 12]is defined as
where T zw is a transfer function matrix from w(r) to z(r). For a given levelcan be restated in the equivalent form (6). If we define
the relation (6) can be represented by L(∞) < γ2. In the following section, through the plot of L(r), L(∞) < γ2is verified.
3 Numerical example
Consider a second-order filter (1)-(3) with
Let the induced l∞ performance be specified by γ = 0.3. In addition, we fix λ = 1. Solving (7) and (8) by the convex optimization technique of MATLAB software gives
Figure 1 shows the plot of L(r), which is defined in (23). This figure verifies L(∞) < γ2 = 0.09, which means that the induced l∞ norm from w(r) to z(r) is reduced within the induced l∞ norm bound γ. Figure 2 represents the state trajectories of the digital filter (1)-(3) when (x1(0), x2(0)) = (20,-15.8). It is clear that stability criteria in existing studies [1–8] fail in the filter given by (1)-(3) with the parameters (24). On the other hand, the proposed criterion (7) and (8) verifies the exponential stability result with induced l ∞ performance in this example.
4 Conclusion
This article studies a new criterion for the induced l∞ stability of fixed-point state-space digital filters with external interference and saturation overflow arithmetic. It is shown that the criterion can ensure to reduce the effect of the external interference to a prescribed attenuation level. Thus, it can overcome the disadvantages of existing stability criteria. For a fixed scalar variable, this criterion is represented in terms of LMIs and, hence, computationally tractable. Finally, a numerical example shows the usefulness of the proposed stability criterion.
References
Ebert P, Mazo J, Taylor M: Overflow oscillations in recursive digital filters. Bell Syst Tech J 1969, 48: 2999–3020.
Sandberg I: The zero-input response of digital filters using saturation arithmetic. IEEE Trans Circ Syst 1979, 26: 911–915. 10.1109/TCS.1979.1084587
Singh V: Elimination of overflow oscillations in fixed-point state-space digital filters using saturation arithmetic. IEEE Trans Circ Syst 1990, 37: 814–818. 10.1109/31.55040
Kar H, Singh V: A new criterion for the overflow stability of second-order state-space digital filters using saturation arithmetic. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I 1998, 45: 311–313. 10.1109/81.662720
Kar H, Singh V: Stability analysis of discrete-time systems in a state-space realisation with partial state saturation nonlinearities. IEE Proc Control Theory Appl 2003, 150: 205–208. 10.1049/ip-cta:20030208
Kar H, Singh V: Elimination of overflow oscillations in digital filters employing saturation arithmetic. Digital Signal Process 2005, 15: 536–544. 10.1016/j.dsp.2005.02.001
Singh V: LMI approach to stability of direct form digital filters utilizing single saturation overflow nonlinearity. IEEE Trans Circ Syst II 2007, 54: 878–881.
Singh V: Stability analysis of a class of digital filters utilizing single saturation nonlin-earity. Automatica 2008, 44: 282–285. 10.1016/j.automatica.2007.04.015
Tsividis Y: Mixed Analog-Digital V LSI Devices and Technology. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore; 2002.
Monteiro J, Leuken R: Integrated Circuit and System Design: Power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation. Springer, New York; 2010.
Abedor J, Nagpal K, Poolla K: A linear matrix inequality approach to peak-to-peak gain minimization. Int J Robust Nonlinear Control 1996, 6: 899–927. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1239(199611)6:9/10<899::AID-RNC259>3.0.CO;2-G
Scherer C, Gahinet P, Chilali M: Multiobjective output-feedback control via LMI optimization. IEEE Trans Automat Control 1997, 42: 896–911. 10.1109/9.599969
Boyd S, Ghaoui LE, Feron E, Balakrishinan V: Linear Matrix Inequalities in Systems and Control Theory. SIAM, Philadelphia, PA; 1994.
Gahinet P, Nemirovski A, Laub AJ, Chilali M: LMI Control Toolbox. The Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA; 1995.
Strang G: Introduction to Applied Mathematics. Wellesley Cambridge Press, Cambridge; 1986.
Lee J: Constructive and discrete versions of the Lyapunov's stability theorem and the LaSalle's invariance theorem. Commun Korean Math Soc 2002, 17: 155–163.
Ahn C: Criterion for the overflow stability of fixed-point digital filters with saturation arithmetic and external interference. Int J Electron Commun 2011, 65(9):750–752. 10.1016/j.aeue.2010.12.001
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the MKE (The Ministry of Knowledge Economy), Korea, under the CITRC (Convergence Information Technology Research Center) support program (NIPA-2011-C6150-1102-0001) supervised by the NIPA (National IT Industry Promotion Agency).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Ahn, C.K., Lee, Y.S. Induced l∞ stability of fixed-point digital filters without overflow oscillations and instability due to finite word length effects. Adv Differ Equ 2012, 51 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-51
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-51
Keywords
- Stability Criterion
- Exponential Stability
- Digital Filter
- External Interference
- Saturation Nonlinearity