- Research
- Open Access
- Published:
Extremal solutions for certain type of fractional differential equations with maxima
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2012, Article number: 7 (2012)
Abstract
In this article, we employ the Tarski's fixed point theorem to establish the existence of extremal solutions for fractional differential equations with maxima.
1 Introduction
Fractional calculus has become an exciting new mathematical method of solution of diverse problems in mathematics, science, and engineering. Indeed, recent advances of fractional calculus are dominated by modern examples of applications in differential and integral equations and inclusions, physics, signal processing, fluid mechanics, viscoelasticity, mathematical biology, engineering, dynamical systems, control theory, electrical circuits, generalized voltage divider, computer sciences, and electrochemistry (see [1, 2]).
The theory and applications of fractional differential equations received in recent years considerable interest both in pure mathematics and in applications. There exist several different definitions of fractional differentiation. Whereas in mathematical treatises on fractional differential equations the Riemann-Liouville approach to the notion of the fractional derivative is normally used [3–5], the Caputo fractional derivative often appears in applications [6], Erdèlyi-Kober fractional derivative [7] and The Weyl-Riesz fractional operators [8]. There are some advantages in studying the extremal solution for fractional differential equations, because some boundary conditions are automatically fulfilled and due to lower order differential requirements (see [9]).
Differential equations with maximum arise naturally when solving practical and phenomenon problems, in particular, in those which appear in the study of systems with automatic regulation and automatic control of various technical systems. It often occurs that the law of regulation depends on maximum values of some regulated state parameters over certain time intervals. Many studies of the existence of solutions are imposed such as periodicity, asymptotic stability and oscillatory [10–12]. In [13], the authors discusses the existence of univalent solutions for fractional integral equations with maxima in complex domain, by using technique associated with measures of non-compactness.
In this article, we establish the extreme solutions (maximal and minimal solutions) for fractional differential equation with maxima in sense of Riemann-Liouville fractional operators, by using the Tarski's fixed point theorem. Moreover, we extend the existence of extremal solutions from initial value problems to boundary value problems for infinite quasi-monotone functional systems of fractional differential equations.
2 Preliminaries
The ordered set (poset) X is called a lattice if sup{x1, x2} and inf{x1, x2} exist for all x1, x2 ∈ X. A lattice X is complete when each nonempty subset Y ⊂ X has the supremum and the infimum in X. In particular, every complete lattice has the maximum and the minimum. Denoted by
The fundamental tool in our work is the following well-known Tarski's fixed point theorem which can be found in [14]:
Theorem 2.1. Every nondecreasing mapping G : X → X on a complete lattice X has a minimal, x * , and a maximal fixed point, x*. Moreover,
Let T > 0 and η > 0 be fixed. We denote by AC([0, T]) the set of all functions x : [0, T] → ℝ which are absolutely continuous and by B([-η, 0]) the set of all functions x : [-η, 0] → ℝ which are bounded. Let M be an arbitrary index set and for each for all be a Lebesgue-integrable function and define
with the property
Also, we define the set
satisfies
And set
satisfies
One of the most frequently used tools in the theory of fractional calculus is furnished by the Riemann-Liouville operators (see [15]).
Definition 2.1. The fractional (arbitrary) order integral of the function f of order α > 0 is defined by
When a = 0, we write
where (*) denoted the convolution product,
and ϕ α (t) = 0, t ≤ 0 and ϕ α → δ(t) as α → 0 where δ(t) is the delta function.
Definition 2.2. The fractional (arbitrary) order derivative of the function f of order 0 < α < 1 is defined by
3 Main results
We study fractional differential equations with maxima of the form
where F : J × ℝ × S → ℝ and ϕ : [-η, 0] → ℝ. We denote by ||ϕ|| the norm
Definition 3.1. We say that is a lower solution of problem (1) if for each we have
Analogously we say that u j is an upper solution of (1) if the above inequalities are reversed. We say that is a solution of (1) if it is both a lower and an upper solution. A solution u* in A ⊂ S is a maximal solution in the set A if u* ≥ u for any other solution u ∈ A. The minimal solution in A is defined analogously by reversing the inequalities; when both a minimal and a maximal solution in A exist, we call them the extremal solutions in A.
Next we pose our main result
Theorem 3.1. Assume that there exist γ, λ ∈ S with γ ≤ λ such that the following hypotheses hold:
-
(i)
For each ξ ∈ [γ, λ] S the initial value problem
(3)
has a maximal solution z* and a minimal solution z* in
-
(ii)
For each and t ∈ J if u(t) ≤ v(t) and then
-
(iii)
The function is nondecreasing in [γ, λ] S . Moreover, the function ϕ is nondecreasing in [-η, 0].
Then problem (1) has a maximal solution, u*, and a minimal one, u*, in [γ, λ] S .
Proof. We shall prove the existence of the maximal solution since the existence of the minimal solution follows from the dual arguments.
Firstly we consider the mapping
then in virtue of condition (i) we can define
where ξ* is the the maximal solution in of the problem (3). Therefore . Secondly, we impose the mapping
Next we proceed to prove that Φ satisfies the conditions of Theorem 2.1.
Step 1. Φ: [γ, λ] S → [γ, λ] S is nondecreasing.
Let ξ1, ξ2 ∈ [γ, λ] S and fix . By (iii) we have
On the other hand, and in view of conditions (ii) and (iii) we obtain that
Since is arbitrary we conclude that (Φξ1) ≤ (Φξ2).
Step 2. [γ, λ] S is a complete lattice.
It suffices to prove that for each the set is a complete lattice. Let this implies that B ≠ ∅ and B has the supremum and the infimum. Define
It is clear that ξ*(t) is well defined for all t ∈ [-η, T] and satisfies i.e, ξ* is bounded on [-η, 0]. Finally we shall prove that ξ* ∈ A. For fix t, s ∈ J and ξ ∈ B we observe that
Therefor and ξ* = sup B. The existence of inf B is proved by similar manner. Hence is a complete lattice and consequently .
Steps 1 and 2 imply that Φ satisfies the conditions of Tarski's fixed point theorem and then Φ has the maximal fixed point x* which satisfies
Step 3. X* is the maximal solution of problem (1) in [γ, λ] S .
By the definition of Φ we have u* is a solution for the problem (1). Suppose now that is a lower solution for (1) i.e.
Then by (5) it follows that for every solution x of the problem (1) satisfies x ≤ x*. This completes the proof of Theorem 3.1.
Remark 3.1. Note that Condition (i) in Theorem 3.1 looks difficult to verify but it is useful for applying the Theorem 2.1. however, there are in the literature a lot of sufficient conditions which imply the existence of extremal solutions. Condition (ii) is called quasimonotonicity. This property is important for extremal fixed points of discontinuous maps. Moreover, the functional boundary condition u(θ) = ϕ(θ), θ ∈ [-η, 0] includes the initial condition u(0) = ϕ(0):= u0, where θ = 0. As well as several types of periodic conditions, which have more interest, such as the ordinary periodic condition u(θ) = ϕ(θ):= u(T) for fixed θ which probably takes the value θ = 0. Moreover, the functional periodic condition x(θ) = ϕ(θ):= x(θ + T), θ ∈ [-η, 0]. Finally, ϕ(t) can represented as integral initial condition such as
Additional condition on ξ ∈ S, for all if is Lebesgue-measurable on [-η, 0] leads to suggest the initial condition
Next we replace the condition (i) by assuming F in the set of -Carathéodory.
Definition 3.2. A mapping p : J × ℝ → ℝ is said to be Carathéodory if
(C1) t → p (t, u) is measurable for each u ∈ ℝ,
(C2) u → p (t, u) is continuous a.e. for t ∈ J.
A Carathéodory function p (t, u) is called L1 (J, ℝ)-Carathéodory if (C3) for each number r > 0 there exists a function h r ∈ L1(J, ℝ) such that |p(t, u)| ≤ h r (t) a.e t ∈ J for all u ∈ ℝ with |u| = r.
A Carathéodory function p (t, u) is called - Carthéodory if (C4) there exists a function h ∈ L1(J, ℝ) such that |p (t, u)| ≤ h (t) a.e t ∈ J for all u ∈ ℝ where h is called the bounded function of p.
Theorem 3.2. Let F be - Carathéodory. If the assumptions (ii) and (iii) hold then the problem (1) has at least one solution u (t) on J.
Proof. Operating equation (1) by Iα and using the properties of the fractional operators (see [9, 15]), we have
Define an operator P as follows:
Then by the assumption of the theorem and the properties of the fractional calculus we obtain that
This further implies that
where is the space of all continuous real valued functions on J with a supremum norm that is P : B ρ → B ρ . Therefore, P maps B ρ into itself. In fact, P maps the convex closure of P [B ρ ] into itself. Since f is bounded on B ρ , thus P [B ρ ] is equicontinuous and the Schauder fixed point theorem shows that P has at least one fixed point u ∈ A such that Pu = u, which is corresponding to solution of the problem (1). To obtain the maximal and minimal solutions, we use the same arguments in Theorem 3.1.
Moreover condition (i) can replaced by letting F in the set of all functions which are μ - Lipschitz. We have the following definition:
Definition 3.3. A function F (t, u, v): J × ℝ × S → ℝ is called
-
(i)
a μ - Lipschitz if and only if there exists a positive constant μ such that
where
and the constant μ is called a Lipschitz constant.
-
(ii)
A contraction if and only if it is μ - Lipschitz with μ < 1.
Theorem 3.3. Let F be μ - Lipschitz. If , then (1) has a unique solution u(t) on J.
Proof. Assume the operator P defined in Equation (6) then we have
Hence by the assumption of the theorem we have that P is a contraction mapping then in view of the Banach fixed point theorem, P has a unique fixed point which is corresponding to the solution of Equation (1). In this case u (t) = u* (t) = u* (t).
Example 3.1. Let J = [0, 1] denote a closed and bounded interval in ℝ. Consider the problem
It is clear that F is - Carathéodory with any decreasing growth function h ∈ L1(J, ℝ+) such that ||F (t, u)|| ≤ h (t) a.e t ∈ J for all u ∈ ℝ. Therefore in view of Theorem 3.2, the problem (8) has maximal and minimal solutions.
Example 3.2. Let S be any nonmeasurable set such that S ⊂ [0, 1]. Consider the problem
Obviously F does not satisfy the condition (i) of Theorem 3.1, and hence the problem (9) hasn't extremal solutions.
References
Lewandowski R, Chorazyczewski B: Identification of the parameters of the KelvinVoigt and the Maxwell fractional models, used to modeling of viscoelastic dampers. Comput Struct 2010, 88: 1–17. 10.1016/j.compstruc.2009.09.001
Yu F: Integrable coupling system of fractional soliton equation hierarchy. Phys Lett A 2009, 373: 3730–3733. 10.1016/j.physleta.2009.08.017
Ibrahim RW: Existence of convex and non convex local solutions for class of fractional differential inclusion, Electron. J Diff Equ 2009, 2009(15):1–15.
Ibrahim RW: Continuous solutions for fractional integral inclusion in locally convex topological space. Appl Math J Chin Univ 2009, 24(2):175–183. 10.1007/s11766-009-1904-y
Ibrahim RW: On the existence for diffeo-integral inclusion of Sobolev-type of fractional order with applications. ANZIAM J 2010, 52(E):1–21.
Ibrahim RW: Initial and boundary value problems for inclusions involving Caputo's fractional derivatives. Pure Math Appl 2007, 18(1):1–14.
Ibrahim RW, Momani S: On the existence and uniqueness of solutions of a class of fractional differential equations. J Math Anal Appl 2007, 334: 1–10. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.12.036
Momani SM, Ibrahim RW: On a fractional integral equation of periodic functions involving Weyl-Riesz operator in Banach algebras. J Math Anal Appl 2008, 339: 1210–1219. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2007.08.001
Lakshmikantham V, Leela S, Vasundhara J: Theory of Fractional Dynamic Systems. Cambridge Academic Publishers, Cambridge; 2009.
Golev A, Hristova S, Rahnev A: An algorithm for approximate solving of differential equations with maxima. Comput Math Appl 2010, 60(10):2771–2778. 10.1016/j.camwa.2010.09.030
Mishev DP, Musa SM: Distribution of the zeros of the solutions of hyperbolic differential equations with maxima. Rocky Mt J Math 2007, 37(4):1271–1281. 10.1216/rmjm/1187453110
Otrocol D, Rus IA: Functional differential equations with maxima of mixed type. Fixed Point Theory 2008, 9(1):207–220.
Ibrahim RW, Darus M: A Note on the existence of fractional integral equations. Adv Stud Theory Phys 2010, 4(14):653–663.
Tarski A: A lattice-theoretical fixed point theorem and its applications. Pac J Math 1955, 5: 285–309.
Kilbas AA, Srivastava HM, Trujillo JJ: Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations. In North-Holland, Mathematics Studies. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2006.
Acknowledgements
This research has been funded by the University Malaya, under the Grant No. RG208-11AFR.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Ibrahim, R.W. Extremal solutions for certain type of fractional differential equations with maxima. Adv Differ Equ 2012, 7 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-7
Keywords
- Fractional Derivative
- Fractional Calculus
- Fractional Differential Equation
- Complete Lattice
- Minimal Solution