- Research
- Open access
- Published:
On the boundedness of poles of generalized Padé approximants
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2019, Article number: 137 (2019)
Abstract
Given a function F holomorphic on a neighborhood of some compact subset of the complex plane, we prove that if the zeros of the denominators of generalized Padé approximants (orthogonal Padé approximants and Padé–Faber approximants) for some row sequence remain uniformly bounded, then either F is a polynomial or F has a singularity in the complex plane. This result extends the known one for classical Padé approximants. Its proof relies, on the one hand, on difference equations where their coefficients relate to the coefficients of denominators of these generalized Padé approximants and, on the other hand, on a curious property of complex numbers.
1 Introduction
Currently, Padé approximation theory emphasizes inverse-type problems where we want to describe the analytic properties of the approximated function from the knowledge of the asymptotic behavior of the poles of the approximating functions. Moreover, the theory of higher order recurrence relations (difference equations) plays very important roles in solving inverse-type problems (see, e.g., [3, 6,7,8, 11]). The object of the present paper is to investigate the relation between the boundedness of poles of row sequences of orthogonal Padé approximants and Padé–Faber approximants and the analyticity of the approximated function. The results are of inverse type.
In order to state a known result related to our study, we need to remind the reader of the definition of classical Padé approximants. In what follows, \(\mathbb{N}:=\{1,2,3,\ldots \}\), \(\mathbb{N}_{0}:=\mathbb{N} \cup \{0\}\), and \(\mathbb{P}_{n}\) is the set of all polynomials of degree at most n.
Definition 1.1
Let \(F(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty } f_{k} z^{k}\) be a formal power series. Fix \((n,m)\in \mathbb{N}_{0}\times \mathbb{N}_{0}\). Then, there exist \(P\in \mathbb{P}_{n}\) and \(Q\in \mathbb{P}_{m}\), \(Q\not \equiv 0\), such that
The rational function \(R_{n,m}:=P/Q\) is called the\((n,m)\) classical Padé approximant of F.
It is well-known that, for any \((n,m)\in \mathbb{N}_{0}\times \mathbb{N}_{0}\), \(R_{n,m}\) always exists and is unique. For a given pair \((n,m)\in \mathbb{N}_{0}\times \mathbb{N}_{0}\), we write
where \(Q_{n,m}\) is normalized so that \(Q_{n,m}(0)=1\) and it does not share zeros with \(P_{n,m}\).
Many papers dealing with inverse-type problems have been limited their studies to the case when \(\deg (Q_{n,m})=m\) for all n sufficiently large. In order to find such \(Q_{n,m}(z)=1+\sum_{j=1}^{m} q_{n,j} z ^{j}\), one has to solve for all \(k=n+1,\ldots ,n+m\),
Indeed, the above recurrence relation has very strong connection to inverse-type problems in [8, Propositions 1–3 and Theorems 4–6] and [11, Sect. 1.1]. In particular, a generalization of the Poincaré theorem for recurrence relations developed in [8] provides a bridge connecting an inverse result for classical Padé approximation in [17] and analogous ones for several generalized Padé approximations in [3, 7, 8].
Given a formal power series \(F(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty } f_{k} z^{k}\), we denote by \(R_{0}(F)\) the radius of the largest disk centered at 0 to which F can be extended holomorphically. That is, \(R_{0}(F)\) is the radius of convergence of F. In this paper, we are interested in proving analogs of the following theorem (see [11, Theorem 1.1] or [9, Corollary 2.4]) for orthogonal Padé approximants and Padé–Faber approximants.
Theorem A
Let \(m\in \mathbb{N}\) be fixed and let \(\mathcal{P}_{n}\) be the set of all zeros of \(Q_{n,m}\). Suppose that the cardinality of \(\mathcal{P} _{n}\) is at least 1 for all n sufficiently large,
and
Then, F is a polynomial or \(0< R_{0}(F)<\infty \).
In other words, if F is not a polynomial and the poles of \(R_{n,m}\) stay far from the origin and bounded for all n sufficiently large, then \(0< R_{0}(F) <\infty \). Up to my knowledge, this result is the first one of this sort. Moreover, the sequence \((R_{n,m})_{n \geq n_{0}}\), where m remains fixed, is called the mth row sequence.
Now, let us define four generalized Padé approximations. Let E be a bounded continuum with connected complement containing infinitely many points. From now on, the set E will satisfy the above condition. Let μ be a finite positive Borel measure with infinite support \(\operatorname{supp}(\mu )\) contained in E. We write \(\mu \in \mathcal{M}(E)\) and the corresponding inner product is defined by
Using this inner product, one can generate a unique sequence of orthonormal polynomials
with positive leading coefficients \(\kappa _{n}>0\). By \(\mathcal{H}(E)\), we denote the space of all functions holomorphic in some neighborhood of E. The first two definitions are generalized Padé approximants constructed from the sequence of orthogonal polynomials \((p_{n})_{n \geq 0}\).
Definition 1.2
Let \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\) and \(\mu \in \mathcal{M}(E)\). For any integers \(n\geq 0\) and \(m\geq 1\), there exists \(Q_{n,m}^{\mu }\in \mathbb{P}_{m}\) such that \(Q_{n,m}^{\mu }\not \equiv 0\) and \(\langle Q_{n,m}^{\mu } F, p_{n+k} \rangle _{\mu }=0 \) for all \(k=1,\ldots ,m\). The associated rational function
is called an \((n,m)\) standard orthogonal Padé approximant of F with respect to μ.
Definition 1.3
Let \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\) and \(\mu \in \mathcal{M}(E)\). For any integers \(n\geq 0\) and \(m\geq 1\), there exists \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{\mu } \in \mathbb{P}_{m}\) such that \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{\mu }\not \equiv 0\) and \(\langle z^{k} \tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{\mu } F, p_{n+1} \rangle _{\mu }=0\) for all \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\). The associated rational function
is called an \((n,m)\) modified orthogonal Padé approximant of F with respect to μ.
Let Φ the unique Riemann mapping function from \(\overline{ \mathbb{C}}\setminus {E}\) to the exterior of the closed unit disk verifying \(\varPhi (\infty )=\infty \), \(\varPhi '(\infty )>0\). For each \(\rho >1\), the level curve of index ρ and the canonical domain of index ρ are defined by
respectively. Given \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\), we denote by \(\rho _{0}(F)\) the largest index ρ such that F extends as a holomorphic function to \(D_{\rho }\).
The Faber polynomial of E of degree n is
One can check that
where \(\operatorname{cap}(E)\) is the logarithmic capacity of the set E. The nth Faber coefficient of \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\) with respect to \(\varPhi _{n}\) is defined by the formula
where \(\rho \in (1,\rho _{0}(F))\).
The next two definitions are the ones of generalized Padé approximants constructed from the sequence of Faber polynomials \((\varPhi _{n})_{n\geq 0}\).
Definition 1.4
Let \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\). For any integers \(n\geq 0\) and \(m\geq 1\), there exists \(Q_{n,m}^{E} \in \mathbb{P}_{m}\) such that \(Q_{n,m}^{E}\not \equiv 0\) and \([Q_{n,m}^{E} F]_{n+k} =0 \) for all \(k=1,\ldots ,m\). The associated rational function
is called an \((n,m)\) standard Padé–Faber approximant of F with respect to E.
Definition 1.5
Let \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\). For any integers \(n\geq 0\) and \(m\geq 1\), there exists \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{E} \in \mathbb{P}_{m}\) such that \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{E}\not \equiv 0\) and \([ z^{k} \tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{E} F]_{n+1} =0 \) for all \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\). The associated rational function
is called an \((n,m)\) modified Padé–Faber approximant of F with respect to E.
In order to find \(Q_{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(Q_{n,m}^{E}\), or \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{E}\) in Definitions 1.2–1.5, one has to solve a system of m homogeneous linear equations on \(m + 1\) unknowns. Therefore, for any integers \(n\geq 0\) and \(m\geq 1\), polynomials \(Q_{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(Q_{n,m}^{E}\), and \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{E}\) always exist but they may not be unique. Since \(Q_{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(\tilde{Q} _{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(Q_{n,m}^{E}\), and \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{E}\) are not the zero function, we normalize them to be “monic” polynomials. Unlike the classical Padé approximants, for any integers \(n\geq 0\) and \(m\geq 1\), \(R_{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(\tilde{R}_{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(R_{n,m}^{E}\), and \(\tilde{R}_{n,m}^{E}\) may not be unique. The rational functions \(R^{\mu }_{n,m}\) and \(R^{E}_{n,m}\) are natural extensions of \(R_{n,m}\) and were introduced by Maehly [12] in 1960. Suetin [15, 16] was the first to give necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence with geometric rate of the denominators of standard orthogonal Padé and standard Padé–Faber approximants on row sequences. The rational functions \(\tilde{R}^{\mu }_{n,m}\) and \(\tilde{R}^{E}_{n,m}\) were recently introduced (in the vector forms) in order to solve some inverse-type problems about detecting the poles of a vector of functions nearest the set E (see [5, 6] for more details). Note that in general, the approximations in Definitions 1.2 and 1.4 are not the same as the ones in Definitions 1.3 and 1.5, respectively.
An outline of this paper is as follows. In Sect. 2, we state analogs of Theorem A which are in our main result. We relegate all lemmas in Sect. 3. The proof of the main result is in Sect. 4.
2 Main result
Before stating the main result, we need to define two subclasses of \(\mathcal{M}(E)\). The measure \(\mu \in \mathbf{Reg}_{1}(E)\) if and only if
uniformly on each compact subset of \(\mathbb{C} \setminus E\). This is the minimum requirement to have the limit formula for \(\rho _{0}(F)\) and the convergence of the orthogonal polynomial expansion in Lemma 3.1 in Sect. 3. Moreover, the class \(\mathbf{Reg} _{1}(E)\) is exactly the regular class in [13, Definition 3.1.2] when E is convex. The measure \(\mu \in \mathbf{Reg}_{1}^{*}(E)\) when \(\mu \in \mathbf{Reg}_{1}(E)\) and
for some \(c>0\) and \(n_{0}\in \mathbb{N}\). There are many examples for which \(\mu \in \mathbf{Reg}_{1}^{*}(E)\). For example, if the sequence of orthonormal polynomials satisfies ratio asymptotics (see [1, 2]) or strong asymptotics (see, e.g., [18]), then the corresponding measure is in \(\mathbf{Reg}_{1}^{*}(E)\).
The main result of this paper is the following.
Theorem 2.1
Let \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\) and \(\mu \in \mathbf{Reg}_{1}^{*}(E)\). Fix \(m\in \mathbb{N}\) and denote by \(\mathcal{P}_{n}^{\mu }\), \(\mathcal{P}_{n}^{E}\), \(\tilde{\mathcal{P}}_{n}^{\mu }\), and \(\tilde{\mathcal{P}}_{n}^{E}\) the sets of all zeros of \(Q_{n,m}^{\mu }\), \(Q_{n,m}^{E}\), \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m} ^{\mu }\), and \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{E}\), respectively. Assume that one of the following conditions holds.
-
(a)
The cardinality of \(\mathcal{P}_{n}^{\mu }\) is at least 1 for all n sufficiently large and
$$ \inf_{N \geq m} \sup_{n\geq N} \bigl\{ \vert \zeta \vert :\zeta \in \mathcal{P}_{n} ^{\mu }\bigr\} < \infty . $$ -
(b)
The cardinality of \(\mathcal{P}_{n}^{E}\) is at least 1 for all n sufficiently large and
$$ \inf_{N \geq m} \sup_{n\geq N} \bigl\{ \vert \zeta \vert :\zeta \in \mathcal{P}_{n} ^{E}\bigr\} < \infty . $$ -
(c)
The cardinality of \(\tilde{\mathcal{P}}_{n}^{\mu }\) is at least 1 for all n sufficiently large and
$$ \inf_{N \geq m} \sup_{n\geq N} \bigl\{ \vert \zeta \vert :\zeta \in \tilde{\mathcal{P}}_{n}^{\mu } \bigr\} < \infty . $$ -
(d)
The cardinality of \(\tilde{\mathcal{P}}_{n}^{E}\) is at least 1 for all n sufficiently large and
$$ \inf_{N \geq m} \sup_{n\geq N} \bigl\{ \vert \zeta \vert :\zeta \in \tilde{\mathcal{P}}_{n}^{E} \bigr\} < \infty . $$
Then either F is a polynomial or \(\rho _{0}(F)<\infty \).
Note that we are not interested in proving \(\rho _{0}(F)>1\) because this is a direct consequence of \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\).
3 Auxiliary lemmas
Recall that the nth Fourier coefficient of \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\) corresponding to \(p_{n}\) is defined as follows:
The first lemma (see, e.g., [5, Lemma 2.1] and [14] for its proof) concerns the convergence of orthogonal and Faber polynomial expansions.
Lemma 3.1
Let \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\) and \(\mu \in \mathbf{Reg}_{1}(E)\). Then
Moreover, the series \(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty } \langle F \rangle _{n} p _{n}\) and \(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty } [F]_{n} \varPhi _{n}\) converge uniformly to F on each compact subset of \({D}_{\rho _{0}(F)}\).
An estimate of \(\Vert \varPhi _{n} \Vert _{\varGamma _{\rho }}\) is given in the succeeding lemma (see [10, p. 583] or [14, p. 43]).
Lemma 3.2
Fix \(\rho >1\). Then there exists \(c>0\) such that, for all \(n\in \mathbb{N}_{0}\),
A curious relation of complex numbers (see [4, Lemma 3] for its proof) which serves as the cornerstone for the proof of our main result is the following.
Lemma 3.3
If a sequence of complex numbers \((A_{N})_{N \in \mathbb{N}}\) has the following properties:
-
(i)
\(\lim_{N \rightarrow \infty } \vert A_{N} \vert ^{1/N}=0\);
-
(ii)
there exist \(N_{0}\in \mathbb{N}\) and \(C>0\) such that \(\vert A_{N} \vert \leq C \sum_{k=N+1}^{\infty } \vert A_{k} \vert \), for all \(N \geq N_{0}\),
then there exists \(N_{1}\in \mathbb{N}\) such that \(A_{N}=0\) for all \(N \geq N_{1}\).
4 Proof of main result
Proof of Theorem 2.1
By Lemma 3.1, since \(F\in \mathcal{H}(E)\) and \(\mu \in \mathbf{Reg}_{1}^{*}(E)\),
for all \(z\in D_{\rho _{0}(F)}\).
Assume that (a) holds. We will show that if F is an entire function, then F is a polynomial. Let
Note that \(m_{n}\geq 1\) for all n sufficiently large and \(q_{n,m _{n}}=1\).
From the definition of \(Q_{n,m}^{\mu }\), we have, for all \(k=1,\ldots ,m\),
Using the Vieta formulas, since
there exists \(c_{1}>0\) such that
From the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality and the orthonormality of \(p_{\nu }\), for all \(n,\nu ,k\in \mathbb{N}_{0}\) and \(j=0,\ldots ,m\), there exists \(c_{2}>0\) such that
Because \(\mu \in \mathbf{Reg}_{1}^{*}(E)\), there exists \(c_{3}>0\) such that
where \(c_{3}\) does not depend on k and \(m_{n}\). Combining (5), (6), and (7), it is easy to check that (4) implies that, for all \(k=1,\ldots ,m\), and for all \(n\geq n_{0}\),
where \(c_{4}\) is a positive constant that does not depend on n, k and \(m_{n}\). For each \(n \geq n_{0}\), we choose \(k=m_{n}\) in the previous inequality and we obtain, for all \(n \geq n_{0}\),
Using Lemma 3.3 when \(A_{n}=\langle F\rangle _{n}\), because the above inequality holds and
\(\langle F\rangle _{n}=0\) for all sufficiently large n and F is a polynomial as desired.
Now, we assume that (b) holds. We will follow the same plan by proving that if F is an entire function, then F is a polynomial. Let
where \(q_{n,m_{n}}=1\). Arguments analogous to those used to derive (4) show that, for \(k=1,\ldots ,m\),
Moreover, there exists \(c_{5}>0\) such that
Take \(\rho >1\). Using Lemma 3.2, for \(j=0,1,\ldots ,m\), \(k=1,\ldots ,m\), and \(n,\nu \in \mathbb{N}_{0}\), we obtain
Combining (8), (9), and (10), it is easy to check that, for all \(k=1,\ldots ,m\), and for all \(n\geq n_{0}\),
where \(c_{7}\) is a positive constant that does not depend on n, k and \(m_{n}\). For each \(n \geq n_{0}\), we choose \(k=m_{n}\) in the previous inequality and we obtain, for all \(n \geq n_{0}\),
Using Lemma 3.3 by setting \(A_{n}=[F]_{n}\rho ^{n}\), it follows that \([F]_{n}=0\). Consequently, F is a polynomial.
Next, suppose that (c) holds. Our plan is to prove that if F is an entire function, then F is a polynomial. Let
where \(q_{n,m_{n}}=1\). From the definition of \(\tilde{Q}_{n,m}^{ \mu }\), we have, for all \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\),
Applying exactly the same arguments as in (5), (6), and (7), there exists \(c_{8}>0\) such that
there exists \(c_{9}>0\) such that, for all \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\), \(j=0,\ldots ,m\), and \(n,\nu \in \mathbb{N}_{0}\),
there exists \(c_{10}>0\) such that, for all \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\), \(m_{n}=1,\ldots ,m\), and \(n\geq n_{0}\),
Using (12), (13), (14), and (15), we have, for all \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\) and \(n\geq n_{0}\),
For each \(n \geq n_{0}\), we choose \(k=m-m_{n}\) in the previous inequality and we obtain, for all \(n \geq n_{0}\),
Setting \(N=n-m+1\), we have
Applying \(A_{N}=\langle F\rangle _{N}\) in Lemma 3.3, we can conclude that F is a polynomial.
Finally, we suppose that (d) holds. Following the same plan by assuming that F is an entire function, we want to show that F is a polynomial. Let
where \(q_{n,m_{n}}=1\). Arguments analogous to those used to derive (12) show that, for all \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\),
Moreover, there exists \(c_{12}>0\) such that
Take \(\rho >1\). Using Lemma 3.2, we obtain, for all \(j=0,1,\ldots ,m\), \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\), and \(n,\nu \in \mathbb{N}_{0}\),
By (16), (17), and (18), we have, for all \(k=0,\ldots ,m-1\) and \(n\geq n_{0}\),
For each \(n \geq n_{0}\), we choose \(k=m-m_{n}\) in the previous inequality and we obtain, for all \(n \geq n_{0}\),
Setting \(N=n-m+1\) and \(A_{N}=[F]_{N} \rho ^{N}\) in Lemma 3.3, we arrive at the same conclusion. □
5 Conclusion
We prove that if the zeros of the denominators of four generalized Padé approximations based on orthogonal and Faber polynomials stay uniformly bounded, then either the approximated function is a polynomial or it has a singularity in the complex plane. This result extends the well-known one for classical Padé approximants.
References
Barrios Rolanía, D., López Lagomasino, G.: Ratio asymptotics for polynomials orthogonal on arcs of the unit circle. Constr. Approx. 15, 1–31 (1999)
Bello Hernández, M., López Lagomasino, G.: Ratio and relative asymptotics of polynomials orthogonal on an arc of the unit circle. J. Approx. Theory 92, 216–244 (1998)
Bosuwan, N.: Direct and inverse results on row sequences of generalized Padé approximants to polynomial expansions. Acta Math. Hung. 157(1), 191–219 (2019)
Bosuwan, N., López Lagomasino, G.: Inverse theorem on row sequences of linear Padé-orthogonal approximants. Comput. Methods Funct. Theory 15, 529–554 (2015)
Bosuwan, N., López Lagomasino, G.: Determining system poles using row sequences of orthogonal Hermite–Padé approximants. J. Approx. Theory 231, 15–40 (2018)
Bosuwan, N., López Lagomasino, G.: Direct and inverse results on row sequences of simultaneous Padé–Faber approximants. Mediterr. J. Math. 16, 36 (2019)
Bosuwan, N., López Lagomasino, G., Saff, E.B.: Determining singularities using row sequences of Padé-orthogonal approximants. Jaen J. Approx. 5(2), 179–208 (2013)
Buslaev, V.I.: An analogue of Fabry’s theorem for generalized Padé approximants. Math. Sb. 200(7), 39–106 (2009)
Cacoq, J., de la Calle Ysern, B., López Lagomasino, G.: Direct and inverse results on row sequences of Hermite–Padé approximants. Constr. Approx. 38, 133–160 (2013)
Curtiss, J.H.: Faber polynomials and the Faber series. Am. Math. Mon. 78(6), 577–596 (1971)
López Lagomasino, G., Zaldivar Gerpe, Y.: Higher order recurrences and row sequences of Hermite–Padé approximation. J. Differ. Equ. Appl. 24(11), 1830–1845 (2018)
Maehly, H.J.: Rational approximations for transcendental functions. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, Butterworths, pp. 57–62 (1960)
Stahl, H., Totik, V.: General Orthogonal Polynomials, vol. 43. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1992)
Suetin, P.K.: Series of Faber Polynomials. Nauka, Moscow (1984) Gordon & Breach (1998)
Suetin, S.P.: On the convergence of rational approximations to polynomial expansions in domains of meromorphy of a given function. Math. USSR Sb. 34, 367–381 (1978)
Suetin, S.P.: Inverse theorems on generalized Padé approximants. Math. USSR Sb. 37, 581–597 (1980)
Suetin, S.P.: On an inverse problem for the mth row of the Padé table. Sb. Math. 52, 231–244 (1985)
Widom, W.: Extremal polynomials associated with a system of curves in the complex plane. Adv. Math. 3, 127–232 (1969)
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to express gratitude toward to the anonymous referees for careful reading, helpful comments, and suggestions leading to improvements of this work. The author would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Chontita Rattanakul and Prof. Dr. Guillermo López Lagomasino for their invaluable guidance.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
The research of N. Bosuwan was supported by the Strengthen Research Grant for New Lecturer from the Thailand Research Fund and the Office of the Higher Education Commission (MRG6080133) and Faculty of Science, Mahidol University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The author was the only one to contribute to the writing of this paper. The author conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, and read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares to have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Bosuwan, N. On the boundedness of poles of generalized Padé approximants. Adv Differ Equ 2019, 137 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2081-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2081-9