Multiplicity of solutions for mean curvature operators with minimum and maximum in Minkowski space

Abstract

In this paper, we study the existence and multiplicity of solutions of the quasilinear problems with minimum and maximum

$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl(\phi \bigl(u'(t)\bigr)\bigr)'=(Fu) (t),\quad \mbox{a.e. }t\in (0,T), \\& \min \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T]\bigr\} =A, \qquad \max \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T]\bigr\} =B, \end{aligned}$$

where $\phi :(-a,a)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ ($0< a<\infty$) is an odd increasing homeomorphism, $F:C^{1}[0,T]\rightarrow L^{1}[0,T]$ is an unbounded operator, $T>1$ is a constant and $A, B\in \mathbb{R}$ satisfy $B>A$. By using the Leray–Schauder degree theory and the Brosuk theorem, we prove that the above problem has at least two different solutions.

Introduction

In this paper we study the following quasilinear problem

$$ \bigl(\phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr) \bigr)'=(Fu) (t),\quad \mbox{a.e. }t\in (0,T), $$

(1.1)

subjected to nonlinear boundary conditions

$$ \min \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} =A,\qquad \max \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} =B, $$

(1.2)

where $\phi :(-a,a)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is an increasing homeomorphism, $\phi (0)=0$, a is a positive constant, $F:C^{1}[0,T] \rightarrow L^{1}[0,T]$ is an unbounded operator, $T>1$ is a constant and $A, B\in \mathbb{R}$ satisfy $B>A$. A typical example should be

$$ \phi (s)=\frac{s}{\sqrt{1-s^{2}}},\quad s\in (-1,1). $$

The differential operator we are considering, known as the mean curvature operator in Minkowski space, which is originated in the study in differential geometry or special relativity, has the property that the mean extrinsic curvature (trace of its second fundamental form) is, respectively, zero or constant; see [1, 10, 23] and [24].

A solution of the problem (1.1) and (1.2) is a function $u\in C^{1}[0,T]$ such that $\max_{t\in [0,T]}|u'(t)|< a$, $\phi (u')\in AC[0,T]$, u satisfies (1.2) and (1.1) is satisfied for a.e. $t\in [0,T]$.

It is well known that the singular ϕ-Laplacian problem (1.1) with Dirichlet boundary conditions have been introduced in [7, 10, 16], and a detailed study of homogeneous Dirichlet and Neumann problems has been given in [7]. The various boundary value problems above are reduced to the search of a fixed point for some operator defined on the space $C^{1}[0,T]$. Those operators are completely continuous, and a novel feature linked to the nature of the function ϕ lies in the fact that those operators map $C^{1}[0,T]$ into the cylinder of functions $u\in C^{1}[0,T]$ such that $\max_{[0,T]}|u'|< a$. This property plays a very important role in the search of the prior bound for the possible fixed point by using the Leray–Schauder approach.

Notice also that, according to [12], existence and multiplicity of positive solutions of the homogeneous Dirichlet problems for singular ϕ-Laplacian have been obtained by reduction to an equivalent nonsingular problem to which variational or topological methods apply in a classical fashion.

However, a very interesting result was showed in [8]: that the Dirichlet problem

$$ \bigl(\phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr) \bigr)'=(Fu) (t),\qquad u(0)=A,\qquad u(T)=B, $$

(1.3)

is still solvable for any right-hand member F, like in the homogeneous case considered in [7], but under the restriction

$$ \vert B-A \vert < aT. $$

(1.4)

For other nonhomogeneous cases, see [2,3,4] and [9].

When $\phi =I$, (1.1) can be reduced to

$$ u''=(Fu) (t),\quad \mbox{a.e. }t\in (0,T). $$

(1.5)

Many authors considered (1.5) with functional boundary value problem; see [5, 6, 14, 15, 17, 19] and [20]. In particular, the problem (1.5) and (1.2) has been studied in [5, 19] and [20]. On the other hand, the existence and multiplicity of solutions for nonlinear second-order discrete problems with minimum and maximum also has been studied in [17]. Moreover, the boundary condition (1.2) originates in the description of pest density changes, which plays an important role in the study of pest quantities; see [5].

Note that $\phi :\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is an odd increasing homeomorphism; the classical p-Laplacian cases, for which $\phi (s)=|s|^{p-2}s$, the existence and multiplicity results of p-Laplacian problem with functional boundary conditions have been studied in [18, 20] and [22]; for the other cases, see [21]. Also, functional fractional boundary value problems with a singular ϕ-Laplacian were studied in [11].

To the best of our knowledge, there have been few discussions of the singular ϕ-Laplacian problem with minimum and maximum. Motivated by the above papers, the purpose of this paper is to give sufficient conditions imposed upon the nonlinearity F and the numbers A, B ($B>A$) so that there exist at least two different solutions of the problem (1.1) and (1.2).

Throughout this paper we shall make the following assumptions:

• (H1) There exists a continuous nondecreasing function $f:[0,\infty ) \rightarrow [0,\infty )$ such that

  $$ \bigl\vert (Fu) (t) \bigr\vert \leq f \bigl( \bigl\vert u'(t) \bigr\vert \bigr), \quad \mbox{a.e. }t\in [0,T], u\in C^{1}[0,T]. $$

• (H2) $\int _{0}^{\infty } \frac{ds}{f(\phi ^{-1}(s))}\geq T$.

The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows. In Sect. 2, we give some notations and the prior estimate for the possible solutions of (1.1) and (1.2). Section 3 is devoted to proving the existence and multiplicity of solutions of (1.1) and (1.2), and we also give an application to illustrate our main results.

Preliminaries

In this section we collect some preliminary results that will be used below.

We denote the usual norm in $L^{1}(0,T)$ by $\|\cdot \|_{L^{1}}$. Let $X:=C[0,T]$ be the Banach space endowed with the uniform norm $\|\cdot \|_{\infty }$, $Y:=C^{1}[0,T]$ be the Banach space equipped with the norm $\|u\|_{C^{1}}=\|u\|_{\infty }+\|u'\|_{\infty }$, the corresponding open ball of center at 0 and radius r is denoted by $B_{r}$.

Definition 2.1

Let $\omega : X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a functional. ω is increasing if

$$ x,y\in X,\quad x(t)< y(t) \quad \text{for } t\in [0,T], \quad \text{then } \omega (x) \leq \omega (y). $$

For each $\omega : X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, $\operatorname{Im}(\omega )$ denotes the range of ω.

Set $\mathcal{A}=\{\omega \mid \omega :X \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \text{ is continuous and increasing}\}$, $\mathcal{A}_{0}=\{\omega \mid \omega \in \mathcal{A}, \omega (0)=0\}$.

Remark 2.2

Conspicuously, $\min \{u(t) \mid t\in [0,T]\}$ and $\max \{u(t)\mid t\in [0,T]\}$ belong to $\mathcal{A}$. If we take

$$ \omega (u)=\min \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} , $$

then the boundary condition (1.2) is equal to

$$ \omega (u)=A, \max \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} -\min \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t \in [0,T] \bigr\} =B-A. $$

(2.1)

So, in the rest part of the paper we only deal with (1.1) and (2.1).

Lemma 2.3

([20, Lemma 4])

Let $\omega \in \mathcal{A}$, $k \in [0,1]$and $u\in X$, the equality $\omega (u)-k\omega (-u)=0$is satisfied. Then there exists a $\delta \in [0,T]$such that $u(\delta )=0$.

Lemma 2.4

([20, Lemma 5])

Let $\omega \in \mathcal{A}$, $h \in \operatorname{Im}(\omega )$. Then there exists a unique $k\in X$such that $\omega (k)=h$.

Lemma 2.5

(Bihari lemma, [19, Lemma 2.1]; [20, Lemma 1])

Let $p:[0,+\infty )\rightarrow (0,+\infty )$be a nondecreasing continuous function, $P:[0,+\infty )\rightarrow [0,+\infty )$be defined by $P(u)=\int _{0}^{u}\frac{dt}{p(t)}$and let $b\in [c,d]\subset \mathbb{R}$. If $v\in X$satisfies the inequality

$$ \bigl\vert v(t) \bigr\vert \leq \biggl\vert \int _{b}^{t}p \bigl( \bigl\vert v(s) \bigr\vert \bigr) \biggr\vert \,ds,\quad \textit{for } t\in [c,d], $$

then

$$ \bigl\vert v(t) \bigr\vert \leq P^{-1}(b-t), \quad \textit{for } t \in [c,b], $$

provided $\lim_{u\rightarrow \infty } P(u)>b-c$, and

$$ \bigl\vert v(t) \bigr\vert \leq P^{-1}(t-b),\quad \textit{for } t \in [b,d], $$

provided $\lim_{u\rightarrow \infty }P(u)>d-b$. Here $P^{-1}$denotes the inverse function toP.

As in [5], we define the function $\psi : X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ by the formula

$$ \psi (u)=\max \biggl\{ \int _{m}^{n}u(s)\,ds \Bigm| m,n\in [0,T], m\leq n \biggr\} . $$

(2.2)

Lemma 2.6

([5])

For all $u\in Y$, the functionalψis continuous and

$$ \max \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} -\min \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} =\max \bigl\{ \psi \bigl(u' \bigr), \psi \bigl(-u' \bigr) \bigr\} . $$

Lemma 2.7

Suppose thatuis a solution of (1.1) on $[0,T]$. Then

$$ \min \bigl\{ \psi \bigl(u' \bigr), \psi \bigl(-u' \bigr) \bigr\} \leq \frac{T}{2}\phi ^{-1} \biggl(P^{-1} \biggl( \frac{T}{2} \biggr) \biggr), $$

(2.3)

where $P^{-1}$denotes the inverse function to

$$ P(u)= \int _{0}^{u}\frac{ds}{f(\phi ^{-1}(s))}. $$

Proof

Set

$$ C_{+}= \bigl\{ t\mid u'(t)>0, t\in (0,T) \bigr\} ,\qquad C_{-}= \bigl\{ t\mid u'(t)< 0, t\in (0,T) \bigr\} . $$

Let $\mu (C_{+})$ and $\mu (C_{-})$ be the Lebesgue measure of $C_{+}$, $C_{-}$, respectively.

If $C_{+}=\emptyset$ (resp. $C_{-}=\emptyset$), then $\psi (u')=0$ (resp. $\psi (-u')=0$) and (2.3) is clearly established. Assume $C_{+}\neq \emptyset$ and $C_{-}\neq \emptyset$. $u'\in X$, $C_{+}$, $C_{-}$ are open subsets of $[0,T]$ and therefore $C_{+}$ (resp. $C_{-}$) is a union of at most countable set of disjoint open intervals $(a_{i},b_{i})$, $i\in I_{+}\subset \mathbb{N}$ (resp. $(c _{j},d_{j})$, $j\in I_{-}\subset \mathbb{N}$) without common elements, i.e.

$$ C_{+}=\bigcup_{i\in I_{+}}(a_{i},b_{i}),\qquad C_{-}=\bigcup_{j\in I_{-}}(c_{j},d_{j}). $$

Of course, for any $i\in I_{+}$, $u'(a_{i})\neq 0$ or $u'(b_{i}) \neq 0$ (resp. $u'(c_{j})\neq 0$ or $u'(d_{j})\neq 0$ for any $j \in I_{-}$) imply $a_{i}=0$ or $b_{i}=T$ (resp. $c_{j}=0$ or $d _{j}=T$). Furthermore, $C_{+}\neq (0,T)$, since in the opposite case $C_{-}=\emptyset$, which makes a contradiction. Similarly, $C_{-}\neq (0,T)$.

By the inequality $\mu (C_{+})+\mu (C_{-})\leq T$, it is easy to see that

$$ \min \bigl\{ \mu (C_{+}),\mu (C_{-}) \bigr\} \leq \frac{T}{2}. $$

(2.4)

Next we prove the inequality

$$ \psi \bigl(u' \bigr)\leq \mu (C_{+})\sup \bigl\{ \phi ^{-1} \bigl(P^{-1}(b_{i}-a_{i}) \bigr)\mid i\in I_{+} \bigr\} . $$

(2.5)

Fix $i\in I_{+}$, let $u'(\eta )=0$, $\eta \in \{a_{i},b_{i}\}$. Combining (1.1) with $\phi (0)=0$, we have

$$ \phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr)= \int _{\eta }^{t}(Fu) (s)\,ds,\quad t\in [a_{i},b_{i}]. $$

For $t\in [a_{i},b_{i}]$, $u'(t)\geq 0$. Since ϕ is an increasing homeomorphism and because of (H1), we get

$$ 0\leq \phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr)\leq \biggl\vert \int _{\eta }^{t} \bigl\vert (Fu) (s) \bigr\vert \,ds \biggr\vert \leq \biggl\vert \int _{\eta }^{t}f \bigl(u'(s) \bigr) \,ds \biggr\vert = \biggl\vert \int _{\eta }^{t}f\bigl(\phi ^{-1} \bigl(\phi \bigl(u'(s) \bigr) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert . $$

(2.6)

From Lemma 2.5 with $b=\eta$, $c=a_{i}$, $d=b_{i}$, $v(s)=\phi (u'(s))$ and $p(v)=f(\phi ^{-1}(v))$, it is not difficult to see that

$$ \phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr)\leq P^{-1} \bigl( \vert \eta -t \vert \bigr), \quad t\in [a_{i},b_{i}]. $$

Subsequently, $0\leq u'(t)\leq \phi ^{-1} (P^{-1}(b_{i}-a_{i}) )$ for $t\in [a_{i},b_{i}]$, $i\in I_{+}$. Thus

$$ \int _{a_{i}}^{b_{i}}u'(s)\,ds\leq (b_{i}-a_{i})\phi ^{-1} \bigl(P^{-1}(b _{i}-a_{i}) \bigr). $$

(2.7)

Moreover,

$$\begin{aligned} \psi \bigl(u' \bigr) \leq & \int _{C_{+}}u'(t)\,dt=\sum _{i\in I_{+}} \int _{a_{i}}^{b_{i}}u'(t)\,dt \\ \leq &\sup \bigl\{ \phi ^{-1} \bigl(P^{-1}(b_{i}-a_{i}) \bigr)\mid i\in I_{+} \bigr\} \sum_{i\in I_{+}}(b_{i}-a_{i}) \\ \leq &\mu (C_{+})\sup \bigl\{ \phi ^{-1} \bigl(P^{-1}(b_{i}-a_{i}) \bigr)\mid i \in I_{+} \bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$

As a consequence, (2.5) is satisfied.

Next, we will show that

$$ \psi \bigl(-u' \bigr)\leq \mu (C_{-})\sup \bigl\{ \phi ^{-1} \bigl(P^{-1}(d_{j}-c_{j}) \bigr)\mid j\in I_{-} \bigr\} . $$

(2.8)

Fix $j\in I_{-}$, let $u'(\zeta )=0$, $\zeta \in \{c_{j},d_{j}\}$. Together (1.1) with $\phi (0)=0$, which implies

$$ \phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr)= \int _{\zeta }^{t}(Fu) (s)\,ds, \quad t\in [c_{j},d_{j}]. $$

We have $u'(t)\leq 0$ on $[c_{j},d_{j}]$. Combining the fact that ϕ is an odd increasing homeomorphism and (H1), we obtain

$$ 0\leq -\phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr)\leq \biggl\vert \int _{\zeta }^{t} \bigl\vert (Fu) (s) \bigr\vert \,ds \biggr\vert \leq \biggl\vert \int _{\zeta }^{t}f \bigl(-u'(s) \bigr) \,ds \biggr\vert . $$

(2.9)

Thus

$$ \phi \bigl( \bigl\vert u'(t) \bigr\vert \bigr)=-\phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr)\leq \biggl\vert \int _{\zeta }^{t}f\bigl(\phi ^{-1} \bigl( \phi \bigl( \bigl\vert u'(s) \bigr\vert \bigr) \bigr)\,ds \biggr\vert . $$

(2.10)

From Lemma 2.5 with $b=\zeta$, $c=c_{j}$, $d=d_{j}$, $v(s)=\phi (|u'(s)|)$ and $p(v)=f(\phi ^{-1}(v))$, it is easy to verify that

$$ \phi \bigl( \bigl\vert u'(t) \bigr\vert \bigr)\leq P^{-1} \bigl( \vert t-\zeta \vert \bigr),\quad t\in [c_{j},d_{j}]. $$

Hence, $0\leq -u'(t)\leq \phi ^{-1} (P^{-1}(d_{j}-c_{j}) )$ for $t\in [c_{j},d_{j}]$, $j\in I_{-}$. So

$$ -\int _{c_{j}}^{d_{j}}u'(t)\,dt\leq (d_{j}-c_{j})\phi ^{-1} \bigl(P^{-1}(d _{j}-c_{j}) \bigr). $$

(2.11)

Furthermore,

$$\begin{aligned} \psi \bigl(-u' \bigr) \leq &- \int _{C_{-}}u'(t)\,dt=-\sum _{j\in I_{-}} \int _{c_{j}}^{d_{j}}u'(t)\,dt \\ \leq &\sup \bigl\{ \phi ^{-1} \bigl(P^{-1}(d_{j}-c_{j}) \bigr)\mid j\in I_{-} \bigr\} \sum_{j\in I_{+}}(d_{j}-c_{j}) \\ \leq &\mu (C_{-})\sup \bigl\{ \phi ^{-1} \bigl(P^{-1}(d_{j}-c_{j}) \bigr)\mid j \in I_{-} \bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, (2.8) is satisfied.

The result follows now from (2.4), (2.5) and (2.8). □

Let us consider the homotopy problem

$$ \bigl(\phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr) \bigr)'=\lambda (Fu) (t), \quad \lambda \in [0,1], $$

(2.12)

depending on the parameter λ.

The next lemma gives prior bounds for solutions of (2.12) and (1.2).

Lemma 2.8

Suppose thatuis a solution of (2.12) for any $\lambda \in [0,1]$and satisfies the boundary condition (1.2) with $A=0$. Then the following conclusions are fulfilled:

$$\begin{aligned}& \Vert u \Vert _{\infty }\leq B, \end{aligned}$$

(2.13)

$$\begin{aligned}& \Vert u \Vert _{C^{1}}\leq B+a. \end{aligned}$$

(2.14)

Proof

From $\omega (u)=A=0$ and Lemma 2.3, there exists a $\delta \in [0,T]$ such that $u(\delta )=0$. Thus

$$ \max \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} \geq 0, $$

this together with (2.1) shows that we obtain (2.13).

Taking into account $\phi :(-a,a)$ and (2.13), we deduce that

$$ \Vert u \Vert _{C^{1}}= \Vert u \Vert _{\infty }+ \bigl\Vert u' \bigr\Vert _{\infty }< B+a. $$

 □

We now state the following important lemma.

Lemma 2.9

LetBbe a positive constant, $\omega \in \mathcal{A}$andψbe defined in (2.2). Set

$$ \varOmega = \bigl\{ (u,\alpha ,\beta )\mid (u,\alpha ,\beta )\in Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}, \Vert u \Vert _{C^{1}}< \rho , \bigl\Vert u' \bigr\Vert _{\infty }< a, \vert \alpha \vert < \rho , \vert \beta \vert < \phi (a) \bigr\} , $$

where $\rho =B+a$and $\rho < aT$.

Define $\varPhi _{i}: \overline{\varOmega }\rightarrow Y\times \mathbb{R} ^{2}$ ($i=1,2$),

$$\begin{aligned}& \varPhi _{1}(u,\alpha ,\beta )= \bigl(\alpha +\phi ^{-1}( \beta )t,\alpha + \omega (u), \beta +\psi \bigl(u' \bigr)-B \bigr), \end{aligned}$$

(2.15)

$$\begin{aligned}& \varPhi _{2}(u,\alpha ,\beta )= \bigl(\alpha +\phi ^{-1}( \beta )t,\alpha + \omega (u), \beta +\psi \bigl(-u' \bigr)-B \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

(2.16)

Then

$$ D(I-\varPhi _{i},\varOmega ,0)\neq 0,\quad i=1,2, $$

(2.17)

whereD, Idenote the Leray–Schauer degree and the identity operator on $Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}$, respectively.

Proof

Obviously, Ω is a bounded open subset of the Banach space $Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}$ with usual norm, and it is symmetric with respect to $\theta \in \varOmega$.

Define $G_{i}:[0,1]\times \varOmega \rightarrow Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}$ ($i=1,2$),

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} G_{1}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )={} & \bigl(\alpha + \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta )-(1- \lambda ) \phi ^{-1}(-\beta ) \bigr)t,\alpha +\omega (u)-(1-\lambda )\omega (-u), \\ &\beta +\psi \bigl(u' \bigr)-\psi \bigl((\lambda -1)u' \bigr)-\lambda B \bigr), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} G_{2}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )={} & \bigl(\alpha + \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta )-(1- \lambda ) \phi ^{-1}(-\beta ) \bigr)t,\alpha +\omega (u)-(1-\lambda )\omega (-u), \\ &\beta +\psi \bigl(-u' \bigr)-\psi \bigl((1-\lambda )u' \bigr)-\lambda B \bigr). \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

For all $(u,\alpha ,\beta )\in \overline{\varOmega }$, it is clear that $G_{i}(1,u,\alpha ,\beta )=\varPhi _{i}(u,\alpha ,\beta )$ ($i=1,2$). Hence to prove $D(I-\varPhi _{i},\varOmega ,0)\neq 0$, we only need to prove the following hypotheses holding by the Borsuk theorem [13, Theorem 8.3].

• (1) $G_{i}(0,\cdot ,\cdot ,\cdot )$ is an odd operator on Ω̅, that is,

  $$ G_{i}(0,-u,-\alpha ,-\beta )=-G_{i}(0,u,\alpha ,\beta ) \quad (i=1,2), (u,\alpha ,\beta )\in \overline{\varOmega }; $$

  (2.18)

• (2) $G_{i}$ is a completely continuous operator;

• (3) $G_{i}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )\neq (u,\alpha ,\beta )$ for $(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )\in [0,1]\times \partial \varOmega$.

In fact, we take $(u,\alpha ,\beta )\in \overline{\varOmega }$, for $i=1$,

$$ \begin{aligned} G_{1}(0,-u,-\alpha ,-\beta ) &= \bigl(- \alpha + \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(-\beta )- \phi ^{-1}(\beta ) \bigr)t,-\alpha +\omega (-u)-\omega (u), \\ &\quad {-}\beta +\psi \bigl(-u' \bigr)- \psi \bigl(u' \bigr) \bigr) \\ &=-G_{1}(0,u,\alpha ,\beta ). \end{aligned} $$

Analogously $G_{2}(0,-u,-\alpha ,-\beta )=-G_{2}(0,u,\alpha ,\beta )$. So (1) is asserted.

Next we show that (2) holds.

Let $\{(\lambda _{n},u_{n},\alpha _{n},\beta _{n})\}\subset [0,1]\times \overline{\varOmega }$ be a sequence. Then, for each $n\in \mathbb{Z} ^{+}$ and by the fact that $t\in [0,T]$, $0\leq \lambda _{n}\leq 1$, $\|u _{n}\|_{C^{1}}<\rho$, $|\alpha _{n}|\leq \rho$, $|\beta _{n}|<\phi (a)$; meanwhile, $\{\omega (u_{n})\}$, $\{\omega (-u_{n})\}$, $\{\psi (u_{n})\}$ and $\{\psi (-u_{n})\}$ are bounded. By the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem, it is not difficult to verify they are relatively compact. Then $G_{i}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )$ is convergent in $Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}$. It follows from the continuity of $\phi ^{-1}$, ω and ψ that $G_{i}$ ($i=1,2$) is continuous. So $G_{i}$ ($i=1,2$) are completely continuous.

Finally, we prove that (3) is valid. Assume on the contrary that

$$ G_{i}(\lambda _{0},u_{0},\alpha _{0},\beta _{0})=(u_{0},\alpha _{0},\beta _{0}) $$

(2.19)

for some $(\lambda _{0},u_{0},\alpha _{0},\beta _{0})\in [0,1]\times \partial \varOmega$. Then

$$\begin{aligned}& \alpha _{0}+ \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})-(1- \lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr)t=u _{0}(t), \end{aligned}$$

(2.20)

$$\begin{aligned}& \omega (u_{0})-(1-\lambda _{0})\omega (-u_{0})=0, \end{aligned}$$

(2.21)

$$\begin{aligned}& \psi \bigl(u'_{0} \bigr)-\psi \bigl((\lambda _{0}-1)u'_{0} \bigr)=\lambda _{0} B. \end{aligned}$$

(2.22)

By Lemma 2.3 (take $u=u_{0}$, $k=1-\lambda _{0}$) and (2.21), there exist $\gamma \in [0,T]$ and, consequently, $u_{0}(\gamma )=0$. Together with (2.20) this shows that we obtain

$$ \alpha _{0}=- \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})-(1- \lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr) \gamma $$

(2.23)

and

$$ u_{0}(t)= \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})-(1- \lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr) (t- \gamma ). $$

(2.24)

The rest of the proof is divided into three cases.

Case 1. If $\beta _{0} =0$, it follows from (2.23), (2.24) that $\alpha _{0} =0$, $u_{0}=0$, then

$$ (0,0,0)=(u_{0},\alpha _{0},\beta _{0})\in \partial \varOmega , $$

which is a contradiction.

Case 2. If $\beta _{0} >0$, one deduces from $\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})-(1- \lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0})>0$ and the definition of ψ in (2.2) that

$$ \psi \bigl(u'_{0} \bigr)-\psi \bigl((\lambda _{0}-1)u'_{0} \bigr)= \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})- (1- \lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr)T. $$

Combining this with (2.22), we have

$$ \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})- (1-\lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr)T=\lambda _{0}B $$

(2.25)

and

$$ \phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})\leq \frac{\lambda _{0}\rho }{T}, \quad \text{if } -(1-\lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0})\geq 0. $$

Hence, $\beta _{0}\leq \phi (\frac{\lambda _{0}\rho }{T})< \phi (a)$.

On the other hand, according to (2.23)–(2.25), for each $t\in [0,T]$, we conclude that

$$ \begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert u_{0}(t) \bigr\vert \leq \frac{\lambda _{0}B}{T} \vert t-\gamma \vert \leq B, \\ & \bigl\vert u'_{0}(t) \bigr\vert = \phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})-(1-\lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0})\leq \frac{ \lambda _{0}B}{T}\leq \frac{\rho }{T}< a, \\ & \vert \alpha _{0} \vert = \bigl\vert u_{0}(0) \bigr\vert < \Vert u _{0} \Vert _{\infty }< \rho , \qquad \Vert u_{0} \Vert _{C^{1}}< B+a=\rho . \end{aligned} $$

Thus $(u_{0},\alpha _{0},\beta _{0})\notin \partial \varOmega$, a contradiction.

Case 3. If $\beta _{0} <0$, it follows that $\phi (\beta '_{0})- \phi ((\lambda _{0}-1)\beta '_{0})<0$, and by the definition of ψ in (2.2), we obtain

$$ \begin{aligned} \psi \bigl(u'_{0} \bigr)- \psi \bigl((\lambda _{0}-1)u'_{0} \bigr) &=0-(\lambda _{0}-1) \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})- (1-\lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr)T \\ &=(1- \lambda _{0}) \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})- (1-\lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr)T. \end{aligned} $$

Combining this with (2.22), we deduce that

$$ (1-\lambda _{0}) \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})- (1-\lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr)T=\lambda _{0}B. $$

(2.26)

If $\lambda _{0}=0$, then (2.26) implies $\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})- \phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0})=0$, which contradicts $\phi (\beta '_{0})-\phi (- \beta '_{0})<0$.

If $\lambda _{0}=1$, then $\lambda _{0}B=0$, i.e. $B=0$, which is impossible.

If $\lambda _{0}\in (0,1)$, then

$$ (1-\lambda _{0}) \bigl(\phi ^{-1}(\beta _{0})- (1-\lambda _{0})\phi ^{-1}(-\beta _{0}) \bigr)T< 0, \quad \text{also } \lambda _{0}B>0. $$

This is a contradiction. The proof is completed. □

Existence and multiplicity results

Theorem 3.1

Assume that (H1), (H2) hold andPis defined by Lemma 2.5. Let $A=0$. Then, for any $B\in \mathbb{R}$satisfying

$$ \frac{T}{2}\phi ^{-1} \biggl(P^{-1} \biggl( \frac{T}{2} \biggr) \biggr)< B< a(T-1), $$

(3.1)

problems (1.1) and (1.2) have at least two different solutions.

Proof

Fix $B\in \mathbb{R}$ and let (3.1) be satisfied. Let $A=0$. Let us consider the boundary conditions

$$ \omega (u)=0,\qquad \psi \bigl(u' \bigr)=B-A=B, $$

(3.2)

and

$$ \omega (u)=0,\qquad \psi \bigl(-u' \bigr)=B-A=B, $$

(3.3)

where $\psi :X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is defined by (2.2).

Suppose u is a solution of (1.1), then, from Lemma 2.6,

$$ \max \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} -\min \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} =\max \bigl\{ \psi \bigl(u' \bigr), \psi \bigl(-u' \bigr) \bigr\} . $$

(3.4)

Now, if (1.1) and (3.2) has a solution $u_{1}$, then Lemma 2.7 and (3.2) show that $\psi (-u'_{1})< B$ and

$$ \max \bigl\{ u_{1}(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} -\min \bigl\{ u_{1}(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} =B. $$

(3.5)

As a consequence, $u_{1}$ is a solution of (1.1) and (3.2), such that $u_{1}$ is also a solution of (1.1) and (1.2).

Similarly, if (1.1) and (3.3) have a solution $u_{2}$, then $\psi (u'_{2})< B$ and

$$ \max \bigl\{ u_{2}(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} -\min \bigl\{ u_{2}(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} =B. $$

(3.6)

Therefore, $u_{2}$ is also a solution of (1.1) and (1.2).

Furthermore, it follows from $\psi (u'_{1})=B$ and $\psi (u'_{2})< B$ that $u_{1}\neq u_{2}$. Next, we only need to prove (1.1) and (3.2), or that (1.1) and (3.2) have solutions, respectively.

Let $\rho =B+a$. According to (3.1), $\rho < aT$ is satisfied. Set

$$ \varOmega = \bigl\{ (u,\alpha ,\beta )\mid (u,\alpha ,\beta )\in Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}, \Vert u \Vert _{C^{1}}< \rho , \bigl\Vert u' \bigr\Vert _{\infty }< a, \vert \alpha \vert < \rho , \vert \beta \vert < \phi (a) \bigr\} . $$

Define $\varGamma _{1}:[0,1]\times \overline{\varOmega }\rightarrow Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}$,

$$ \varGamma _{1}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )= \biggl(\alpha + \int _{0}^{t}\phi ^{-1} \biggl(\beta + \lambda \int _{0}^{s}(Fu) (\sigma )\,d\sigma \biggr) \,ds,\alpha + \omega (u), \beta +\psi \bigl(u' \bigr)-B \biggr). $$

(3.7)

It is easy to check that

$$ \varGamma _{1}(0,u,\alpha ,\beta )=\varPhi _{1}(u,\alpha , \beta ),\quad (u,\alpha ,\beta )\in \bar{\varOmega }. $$

(3.8)

Let us consider the parameter equation

$$ \varGamma _{1}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )=(u,\alpha ,\beta ),\quad \lambda \in [0,1]. $$

(3.9)

Obviously, when $\lambda =1$, u is a solution of (1.1) and (3.2) if and only if $(u(t),u(0),\phi (u'(0)))$ is a solution of (3.9). By Lemma 2.9, to prove $D(I-\varPhi _{i},\varOmega ,0)\neq 0$, we only need to show the following hypotheses:

• (h1) $\varGamma _{1}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )$ is a completely operator;

• (h2) $\varGamma _{1}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )\neq (u,\alpha ,\beta )$ for any $(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )\in [0,1]\times \partial \varOmega$.

According to the continuity of $\phi ^{-1}$, F, ω and ψ, it is clear that $\varGamma _{1}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )$ is continuous. Suppose that $\{(\lambda _{n},u_{n},\alpha _{n},\beta _{n})\}\subset [0,1] \times \overline{\varOmega }$ is a sequence. Set

$$ (v_{n},\tau _{n},\xi _{n})=\varGamma _{1}(\lambda _{n},u_{n},\alpha _{n},\beta _{n}), \quad \text{for } n\in \mathbb{N}. $$

We have

$$\begin{aligned}& v_{n}=\alpha _{n}+ \int _{0}^{t}\phi ^{-1} \biggl(\beta _{n}+ \lambda _{n} \int _{0} ^{s}(Fu_{n}) (\sigma )\,d \sigma \biggr) \,ds, \end{aligned}$$

(3.10)

$$\begin{aligned}& \tau _{n}=\alpha _{n}+\omega (u_{n}), \end{aligned}$$

(3.11)

$$\begin{aligned}& \xi _{n}=\beta _{n}+\psi \bigl(u'_{n} \bigr)-B. \end{aligned}$$

(3.12)

It follows from $0\leq \lambda _{n}\leq 1$, $\|u_{n}\|_{C^{1}}<\rho$, $\|u'_{n}\|_{ \infty }< a$, $|\alpha _{n}|<\rho$ and $|\beta _{n}|<\phi (a)$ that

$$\begin{aligned}& \Vert v_{n} \Vert _{\infty }\leq \rho +T\phi ^{-1} \bigl(\phi (a)+Tf(a) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$

(3.13)

$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\Vert v'_{n} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }\leq \phi ^{-1} \bigl(\phi (a)+Tf(a) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$

(3.14)

$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert \phi \bigl(v'_{n}(t_{1}) \bigr)-\phi \bigl(v'_{n}(t_{2}) \bigr) \bigr\vert = \lambda _{n} \int _{t_{1}} ^{t_{2}}(Fu_{n}) (s)\,ds\leq f(a) \vert t_{2}-t_{1} \vert , \end{aligned}$$

(3.15)

for $n\in \mathbb{N}$, $t_{1}, t_{2}\in [0,T]$.

Since ϕ is increasing, combining (3.13), (3.14) and (3.15) with the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem, there exists a sequence $\{\eta _{n}\}$ such that $\{v_{\eta _{n}}\}$ is convergent in Y. By $\omega (u_{n})\leq \max \{\omega (a),\omega (-a)\}$, $0\leq \psi (u'_{n}) \leq \rho$, it follows that $\{\tau _{n}\}$ and $\{\xi _{n}\}$ are bounded. Without loss of generality, we can assume that $\{ \tau _{\eta _{n}}\}$ and $\{\xi _{\eta _{n}}\}$ are convergent. Thus $\{(u_{n},\alpha _{n},\beta _{n})\}$ is convergent in $Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}$, which implies $\varGamma _{1}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )$ is completely continuous.

To prove (h2), we assume on the contrary that

$$ \varGamma _{1}(\lambda _{0},u_{0},\alpha _{0},\beta _{0})=(u_{0},\alpha _{0}, \beta _{0}) $$

(3.16)

for some $(\lambda _{0},u_{0},\alpha _{0},\beta _{0})\in [0,1]\times \partial \varOmega$. Then

$$ \alpha _{0}+ \int _{0}^{t}(\phi ^{-1} \biggl(\beta _{0}+\lambda _{0} \int _{0}^{s} \phi ^{-1}(Fu_{0}) (\sigma )\,d\sigma \biggr)\,ds=u_{0}(t),\quad t\in [0,T], $$

(3.17)

and

$$ \omega (u_{0})=0, \qquad \psi \bigl(u'_{0} \bigr)=B. $$

(3.18)

From (3.17), we have

$$ (\phi \bigl(u'_{0}(t) \bigr)'=\lambda (Fu_{0}) (t) \quad \text{for a.e. } t\in [0,T]. $$

Hence, $u_{0}$ is a solution of (2.12) and (1.2). By Lemma 2.8,

$$ \bigl\Vert u' \bigr\Vert _{\infty }< a, \qquad \Vert u \Vert _{\infty }\leq B, \qquad \Vert u \Vert _{C^{1}}< B+a=\rho . $$

Moreover, $\alpha _{0}=u_{0}(0)$, $\phi (u'_{0}(0))=\beta _{0}$, so

$$ \vert \alpha _{0} \vert < \Vert u_{0} \Vert _{\infty }< \rho , \qquad \vert \beta _{0} \vert < \phi (a), $$

which contradicts with $(u_{0},\alpha _{0},\beta _{0})\in \partial \varOmega$.

Similarly, consider the operator $\varGamma _{2}:[0,1]\times \overline{ \varOmega }\rightarrow Y\times \mathbb{R}^{2}$,

$$ \varGamma _{2}(\lambda ,u,\alpha ,\beta )= \biggl(\alpha + \int _{0}^{t}\phi ^{-1} \biggl(\beta + \lambda \int _{0}^{s}(Fu) (\sigma )\,d\sigma \biggr) \,ds,\alpha + \omega (u), \beta +\psi \bigl(-u' \bigr)-B \biggr), $$

(3.19)

we can obtain a solution of (1.1) and (3.3). □

Theorem 3.2

Assume that (H1), (H2) hold andPis defined by Lemma 2.5. Then, for $A, B\in \mathbb{R}$satisfying $A\in \operatorname{Im}( \omega )$and

$$ \frac{T}{2}\phi ^{-1} \biggl(P^{-1} \biggl( \frac{T}{2} \biggr) \biggr)< B-A< a(T-1), $$

(3.20)

(1.1) and (1.2) have at least two different solutions.

Proof

Suppose $A\in \operatorname{Im}(\omega )$. From Lemma 2.4, there exists a unique $k\in \mathbb{R}$ such that $\omega (k)=A$.

Define $\widetilde{\omega }: X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$,

$$ \widetilde{\omega }(u)=\omega (u+k)-w(k), $$

then $\widetilde{\omega }(u)=0$. Define the continuous operator $\widetilde{F}: Y\rightarrow L^{1}[0,T]$,

$$ (\widetilde{F}u) (t)=(Fv) (t),\qquad v(t)=u(t)+A. $$

(3.21)

Hence, by (H1),

$$ \bigl\vert (\widetilde{F}u) (t) \bigr\vert \leq f \bigl( \bigl\vert \bigl(u(t)+A \bigr)' \bigr\vert \bigr)=f\bigl( \bigl\vert u'(t) \bigr\vert \bigr), \quad \text{for } u\in Y. $$

(3.22)

Then it follows from Theorem 3.1 that

$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl(\phi \bigl(u'(t) \bigr) \bigr)'=( \widetilde{F}u) (t),\quad t\in (0,T), \end{aligned}$$

(3.23)

$$\begin{aligned}& \widetilde{\omega }(u)=0,\qquad \max \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} -\min \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,T] \bigr\} =B-A \end{aligned}$$

(3.24)

has at least two different solutions $\tilde{u}_{1}$, $\tilde{u}_{2}$. Notice that $\tilde{u}(t)$ is a solution of (3.23) and (3.24) if and only if $\tilde{u}(t)+A$ is a solution of (1.1) and (2.1). Then it is not difficult to see that

$$ u_{i}(t)=\tilde{u}_{i}(t)+A,\quad i=1,2 $$

(3.25)

are two different solutions of (1.1) and (2.1), Therefore, $u_{i}(t)$ are two different solutions of problem (1.1) and (1.2). □

Remark 3.3

Since $\phi :(-a,a)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ ($0< a< \infty$) is an odd increasing homeomorphism, clearly, $\|u'\|_{ \infty }< a$ and $\phi ^{-1}$ is bounded. We do not need the assumption $\int _{0}^{\infty } \frac{t}{f(t)}\,ds=\infty$, which plays a very important role in [5, 19] and [20] for the classical case $\phi =I$.

Finally, we give an example to illustrate our main result.

Example 3.4

Let $F_{i}: Y\rightarrow L^{1}[0,\pi ]$ ($i=1,2$) be the continuous operators such that $|(F_{i}u)(t)|\leq 1$ for any $u\in Y$ and $g\in X$, $|g(r)|\leq r^{2}$ for $r\in \mathbb{R}$.

Consider the following singular ϕ-Laplacian:

$$ \biggl(\frac{u'}{\sqrt{1-u^{\prime \,2}}} \biggr)'=(F_{1}u) (t)+(F_{2}u) (t)g \bigl(u'(t) \bigr), \quad \mbox{a.e. }t\in (0,\pi ), $$

(3.26)

submitted to the nonlinear boundary conditions

$$ \min \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0,\pi ] \bigr\} =A, \qquad \max \bigl\{ u(t) \mid t\in [0, \pi ] \bigr\} =B. $$

(3.27)

Set $\phi (s)=\frac{s}{\sqrt{1-s^{2}}}$. Then $\phi :(-1,1)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is an increasing homeomorphism, $\phi (0)=0$, $\phi ^{-1}(s)=\frac{s}{\sqrt{1+s ^{2}}}$ and $\phi ^{-1}:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow (-1,1)$. We take $f(r)=1+r^{2}$ for $r\in [0,\infty )$. It is not difficult to see that

$$ \bigl\vert (F_{1}u) (t)+(F_{2}u) (t)g \bigl(u'(t) \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq f \bigl( \bigl\vert u'(t) \bigr\vert \bigr),\quad u\in Y. $$

Clearly,

$$ \int _{0}^{\infty }\frac{ds}{f(\phi ^{-1}(s))}= \int _{0}^{\infty }\frac{1+s ^{2}}{1+2s^{2}}\,ds= \frac{1}{2}(s+\arctan \sqrt{2s})\big|^{s=\infty } _{s=0}= \infty \geq \pi . $$

As a consequence, (H1) and (H2) are satisfied. In addition,

$$ P(u)= \int _{0}^{u}\frac{ds}{f(\phi ^{-1}(s))}= \int _{0}^{u}\frac{1+s^{2}}{1+2s ^{2}}\,ds= \frac{1}{2}(u+\arctan \sqrt{2u}). $$

Since $P'(u)=\frac{1}{2}(1+\frac{1}{1+2u})>0$ for $u\in [0,\infty )$, and P is strictly monotone increasing, of course, $P^{-1}$ exists. By a simple computation, we have

$$ \frac{\pi }{2}\phi ^{-1} \biggl(P^{-1} \biggl( \frac{\pi }{2} \biggr) \biggr)< \frac{\pi }{2}< \pi -1. $$

It follows that $\nu (u)=\min \{u(t) \mid t\in [0,\pi ]\}$, $\omega (u)=\min \{u(t) \mid t\in [0,\pi ]\}$ and $\nu ,\omega \in \mathcal{A}$, by Theorem 3.2, for $A,B\in \mathbb{R}$ and A, B satisfy

$$ \frac{\pi }{2}\phi ^{-1} \biggl(P^{-1} \biggl( \frac{\pi }{2} \biggr) \biggr)< \frac{\pi }{2}\leq B-A\leq \pi -1. $$

Then the problem (3.26) and (3.27) has at least two different solutions.