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A modified analytical approach with existence and uniqueness for fractional Cauchy reaction–diffusion equations
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2020, Article number: 28 (2020)
Abstract
This article mainly explores and applies a modified form of the analytical method, namely the homotopy analysis transform method (HATM) for solving time-fractional Cauchy reaction–diffusion equations (TFCRDEs). Then mainly we address the error norms \(L_{2}\) and \(L_{\infty }\) for a convergence study of the proposed method. We also find existence, uniqueness and convergence in the analysis for TFCRDEs. The projected method is illustrated by solving some numerical examples. The obtained numerical solutions by the HATM method show that it is simple to employ. An excellent conformity obtained between the solution got by the HATM method and the various well-known results available in the current literature. Also the existence and uniqueness of the solution have been demonstrated.
1 Introduction
The beginning of fractional calculus is considered as 30 September 1695 when the derivative of arbitrary order was described by Leibniz [1]. After that many renowned mathematicians have studied the application of the fractional derivative and fractional differential equations (FDEs); some of them were Liouville, Grunwald, Letnikov and Riemann [2]. A lot of significant phenomena are well described by FDEs in electromagnetics, acoustics, viscoelasticity, electro chemistry and material science [3]. Moreover, some basic results associated to solving FDEs may be found in [4–7].
Cauchy reaction–diffusion equations (CRDEs) explain a large multiplicity of nonlinear systems in physics, chemistry, ecology, biology and engineering [8–12]. CRDEs are broadly used in application models for spatial effects in ecology. The different types of CRDEs in physics have been solved [13–15] by using a variety of kinds of analytical methods. In recent times, Yildirim [16] used a homotopy perturbation method to find the solutions of the CRDEs. In this paper, we consider the one-dimensional TFCRDEs as follows:
subject to the initial or boundary conditions
where w is the concentration, r is the reaction parameter and \(D>0\) is the diffusion coefficient. The fractional derivative λ considered in this paper is in the sense of Caputo.
In this paper, we have applied HATM for solving linear and nonlinear TFCRDEs. The HATM method provides excellent agreement between two powerful methods, one is the most popular and useful homotopy analysis method (HAM) and the other one is the Laplace transform method. The HAM was first proposed and applied by Liao in [17] to solve lots of nonlinear problems. The HAM has been successfully applied by many researchers for solving linear and nonlinear partial differential equations [18, 19].
But presently, concentration of diverse researchers is on finding the solution behavior of different nonlinear equations by means of different methods jointed with Laplace transform, among them the variation iteration transform method [20] and the homotopy analysis transform method [21, 22]. The advantage of HATM over HAM is that it gives rapidly convergent series solution only by taking a small number of terms and hence HATM is very powerful and efficient in finding approximate solutions as well as analytical solutions of many fractional physical models. Moreover, the analytical method of using the Laplace transform and its inverse is shown in [23–25]. The other work related to this can be found in [26–34]. The plan of this article is to find approximate analytical solutions of TFCRDEs with the time derivative λ (\(0 < \lambda\le1\)).
2 Existence and uniqueness
In this section, we establish the existence and uniqueness of a solution of differential equation (1.1). We first present a few necessary definitions.
The Mittag-Leffler function is defined by
The Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order \(\lambda>0\) is defined by
the fractional derivative of the function f of order \(\lambda>0\) is defined by
where \(\varGamma(\lambda)\) is the Gamma function.
The Laplace transform of the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral is defined as [1]
The Caputo fractional derivative of the function f of order \(\lambda >0\) is defined by
The Laplace transform of the Caputo fractional derivative is defined as [1]
Define an operator \(A=D\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}\), with \(D(A)=\{v \in H^{1}_{0}(0,1) \cap H^{2}(0,1): v^{\prime\prime} \in L^{2}(0,1)\}\). The operator A is the infinitesimal generator of an analytic semigroup \(\{ T(t) : t \ge0\}\) and is self-adjoint [35]. By introducing \(v(t)x = w(x, t)\) and \(\gamma(t)x=r(x,t)\), Eq. (1.1) can be written as
By a mild solution v of the above problem we mean that
provided \(\int_{0}^{t} \frac{v(s)}{(t-s)^{1-\lambda}}\,ds \in\mathcal{D}\). The notation \(\mathcal{D}\) is for the domain of the operator A equipped with the graph norm \(\|v\|_{\mathcal{D}}=\|v\|+\|Av\|\). It is not difficult to check that \(f(t,v)=\gamma(t)v\) satisfies the Lipschitz condition. For any \(v_{1}, v_{2} \in D(A)\), we have
where \(\gamma^{*}\) is the supremum of \(\gamma(t)\). So we need \(\gamma(t)\) to be continuous and bounded.
The spectrum of the operator A is discrete with eigenvalues \(\mu _{n}=-n^{2}D\), \(n\in\mathbb{N,}\) and the eigenfunctions are of the form \(\psi _{n}(z)= (\frac{2}{\pi} )^{\frac{1}{2}} \sin n z\). Moreover, \(\{\psi_{n} : n \in\mathbb{N}\}\) is an orthonormal basis for X, and
The above expression implies that \(\{T(t), t\ge0\}\) is a uniformly bounded compact semigroup and \(R(\mu, A) = (\mu I - A)^{-1}\) is a compact operator for all \(\mu\in\rho(A)\). The integral equation
has an associated resolvent operator \(\{S _{\lambda}(t), t\ge0 \}\) on the space \(X=L^{2}(0,1)\). The resolvent operator is given by
and \(S(0)=I\). We have the parameter θ with \(\frac{\pi}{2}<\theta< \pi\) and the curve \(\gamma_{\theta}=\{re^{i\theta}: r \ge0\} \cup\{re^{-i\theta : r \ge0}\}\).
Because \((\mu I-A)^{-1}\) is compact, from the above representation one can deduce that \(\{S_{\lambda}(t): t >0\}\) is a compact operator.
Theorem 2.1
Let \(\gamma\in L^{p}([0,T]:\mathbb{R}^{+})\)for \(p =\frac{1}{\lambda}\). If \(\frac{1}{\varGamma\lambda} \sup_{s \in[0,T]} (\int_{0}^{s} \frac{\gamma (t)}{(s-t)^{1-\alpha}}\,dt ) <1\), then the abstract Cauchy problem has a unique mild solution.
The proof is similar to Theorem 2.1 of [36].
3 Fundamental scheme of HATM
The fundamental scheme of HATM is discussed through the following TFCRDEs:
By a new methodology discussed in [21], applied to Eq. (3.1), we get the mth-order deformation equation \(w_{m}(x,t)\) and for \(m \ge1\), at Mth order, we have
for \(M \rightarrow\infty\), we get a precise approximation of the actual equation (3.1).
In this section, we study the convergence of HATM through the following theorem.
Theorem 3.1
As long as the series solution
converges, where \(w_{m}(x,t)\)is governed by Eq. (3.1), it must be the exact solution of the TFCRDEs in (3.1).
Proof
If the series (3.3) converges, we can write
and
We can verify that
Taking the linear operator \(\mathcal{L}\) on both sides in Eq. (3.6), we get
Along this line, we obtain
since \(\hbar\neq0\) and \(H(x,s)\neq0\), from Eq. (3.8) we have
Now from Eq. (3.9) we have
By taking the inverse Laplace transform in Eq. (3.10), we get the exact solution \(T(x,t)\). □
4 Function of HATM and mathematical results
Four examples of TFCRDEs are solved to exhibit the HATM method. In the whole article, MATHEMATICA 7 software package has been used for the figures’ computational processes.
Example 1
For the constant value of \(D=1\) and \(r=-1\), Eq. (1.1) can be recast as the Kolmogorov–Piskunov (KP) equation [16] as follows:
subject to the initial or boundary conditions
By a new methodology discussed in [21], applied to Eq. (4.1) we get the mth-order deformation equation for \(w_{m}(x,t)\)
At last,
Next, the successive iterative values are
In a similar fashion, the remaining terms of \(w_{m}(x,t)\) for \(m \ge5\) can be entirely obtained.
Therefore, the solution of Eq. (4.1) is
If we select \(\hbar=-1\), then the solution is reduced to
Again if we take the standard value of \(\lambda=1\), then the series solution is reduced to \(e^{-x}+ x e^{-t}\), this is an exact solution of standard CRDEs and hence the result is absolutely in conformity with the homotopy perturbation given by Yildirim [16] and the Adomian decomposition method by Lesnic [13].
Figure 1 demonstrates the comparisons of the exact solution and the approximate solutions with different Brownian motions. The picture of subfigures (a), (b), (c) and (d) for Fig. 1 shows that the approximate solution obtained by the current method and the exact solution are very much identical for the Cauchy problem with the constant term \(D=1\).
At the same time, in order to judge the significance and the correctness of the HATM method the absolute error curve is drawn in Fig. 2. It is to be noted that the approximate solution converges quickly towards the exact one.
Figure 3 indicates the performance of the approximate solution for different fractional Brownian motions, \(\lambda=0.7, 0.8,0.9\), and for standard motion i.e. at \(\lambda=1\).
Figure 4 reflects the ħ curve of Eq. (4.1). As pointed out by Liao [17], we can choose any values of ħ, where \(\hbar\in(\hbar_{1}, \hbar_{2} )\) and \(\hbar_{1} \approx-1.80 \), \(\hbar_{2} \approx-0.2 \). In the particular case if \(\hbar=-1\) the speed of convergence is most advantageous.
In order to convergence study of the proposed method we present the absolute errors in Table 1, simultaneously the error norms \(L_{2} \) and \(L_{\infty} \) are presented in Table 2.
At the mth order of approximation, also we can define the exact square residual error for equation, where
where
In order to make things computationally easy we also introduced here the so-called averaged residual error defined by
The optimal value of ħ can be found by solving nonlinear algebraic equation \(\frac{dE_{m}}{d\hbar}=0\) [37]. The numerical results are elaborated in Tables 3 and 4.
It is clear from Tables 3 and 4 that the optimal value of ħ are −0.826476, −0.939232, −0.964903 and −0.79381, −0.918672, −0.950037, respectively, in the case of different orders of approximations.
Example 2
We take the following TFCRDEs [16] for \(D=1\) and \(r(x,t)=-1-4x^{2}\):
subject to the initial or boundary conditions
Now similar to Example 1, the mth-order deformation equation (4.5) is
At last, we get
By taking \(w_{0}(x,t)=w(x,0)=e^{x^{2}}\) and the system (4.6), we get the subsequent values as follows:
The solution of Eq. (4.5) for \(\hbar=-1\) is given as
Next for the standard value of \(\lambda=1\), the above series solution reduced to \(e^{-x}+ x e^{-t}\), this is an exact solution of standard CRDEs and hence the result is absolutely conformity with that the homotopy perturbation given by Yildirim [16] and the Adomian decomposition method by Lesnic [13].
Figure 5 shows the comparison between the exact and the approximate solution for Example 2 obtained by HATM for different values of λ.
Again, the convergence of the above method for Eq. (4.5) is shown by drawing the absolute error curve.
Figure 6 represents the absolute error between exact and obtained solution.
Figure 7 reveals the performance of the estimated solution \(w(x,t)\) for Example 2.
In Fig. 8 the ħ curve for Eq. (4.5) is shown. It is clear from Fig. 8 that the perfect range of ħ is from −1.60 to −0.3.
Table 5 lists the absolute error \(E_{7}= \vert w(x,t)-w_{7}(x,t) \vert \) obtained for different values of x and t by using the seventh-order approximate solution. Again, to show the validity and exactness of the proposed method the error norms \(L_{2} \) and \(L_{\infty} \) are presented in Table 6.
Example 3
We consider the following TFCRDEs [14] for \(D=1\) and \(r(x,t)= -1+ \operatorname{cos}x-\operatorname{sin}^{2} x\):
subject to the initial or boundary conditions
The exact solution \(w(x,t)=\frac{1}{10} e^{\operatorname{cos}x-t-11}\) for \(\lambda=1\).
By using the aforementioned techniques, in this case the solution of the mth-order deformation equations is as follows:
By taking \(w_{0}(x,t)=w(x,0)=\frac{1}{10} e^{\operatorname{cos}x-10}\) and the system (4.6), we get the subsequent values as follows:
If we select \(\hbar=-1\), then
For \(\lambda=1\), this series is reduced to the closed form \(\frac {1}{10} e^{\operatorname{cos}x-t-11}\), which is an exact solution of the classical CRDEs and hence the result is absolutely in conformity with the variation iteration method given by Dehghan [14].
Figure 9 shows the assessment among the exact and estimated solution. To ensure the exactness of the HATM method the absolute error curve is given in Fig. 10. Again, Fig. 11 shows the performance of the \(u_{7}(x,t)\) for diverse term of λ.
Figure 12 shows the ħ curve. Here we can choose any values of ħ, where \(\hbar\in(\hbar_{1}, \hbar_{2} )\) and \(\hbar_{1} \approx-1.70 \), \(\hbar_{2} \approx-0.5\).
Example 4
Here we have taken the following TFCRDEs [38]:
subject to the initial or boundary conditions
The exact solution \(w(x,t)= 1- e^{\frac{-x}{\sqrt{2}} -\frac{t}{2}} \) for \(\lambda=1\).
By using the aforementioned techniques, in this case the solution of the mth-order deformation equations is as follows:
By taking \(w_{0}(x,t)=w(x,0)=1- e^{\frac{-x}{\sqrt{2}}}\) and the system (4.6), we get the subsequent values as follows:
Figure 13 shows the comparison between the exact and approximate solution obtained by HATM method. The absolute error curve is presented in Fig. 14.
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Acknowledgements
All authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the respected editors for their time and comments as regards the review process. The first author Dr. Sunil Kumar would like to acknowledge the financial support received from the National Board for Higher Mathematics, Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India (Approval No. 2/48(20)/2016/NBHM(R.P.)/R and D II/1014).
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Kumar, S., Kumar, A., Abbas, S. et al. A modified analytical approach with existence and uniqueness for fractional Cauchy reaction–diffusion equations. Adv Differ Equ 2020, 28 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2488-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2488-3