Iq-Calculus and Iq-Hermite–Hadamard inequalities for interval-valued functions

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the Iq-derivative and Iq-integral for interval-valued functions and give their basic properties. As a promotion of q-Hermite–Hadamard inequalities, we also give the Iq-Hermite-Hadamard inequalities for interval-valued functions. At the same time, we give some examples to illustrate the results.

1 Introduction

Quantum calculus is a type of calculus without limits, sometimes called q-calculus. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Jackson first defined and studied q-calculus in a systematic manner, which can be tracked back to the time of Euler and Jacobi. Based on the works of Jackson, q-calculus continued to play a critical role in other areas such as quantum mechanics, fluid mechanics, and combinatorics, which attracted a sea of scholars to devote themselves to the research of this kind of calculus. In 2002, Kac and Cheung [1] introduced some knowledge about q-calculus in detail. Afterwards, some scholars have continued to extend it. In 2013, Tariboon and Ntouyas [2] promoted the concepts of q-calculus over finite intervals, discussed their properties, and gave applications in impulsive difference equations. Shortly after, Alp [3] obtained some q-Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities. Regarding the development and promotion of q-calculus, we recommend [4–17] and the references cited therein to interested readers. In addition, the development of the q-fractional calculus can be found in [18–22].

On the other hand, the book written by Moore [23] described a method where an uncertain variable is replaced by an interval of real numbers and used interval arithmetic, which plays a great role in improving the reliability of the calculation results and making error analysis automatically. In recent years, it has been widely used in solving some uncertain problems in many fields. Bede and Stefanini [24]proposed the concepts of gH-difference and gH-derivative, which overcome the major shortcomings of H-derivative. Since then, the theory of interval analysis has gradually developed in the past ten years. For example, Lupulescu [25] developed a theory of fractional calculus for interval-valued functions. Chalco-Cano et al. [26] dealt with the algebra of gH-differentiable interval-valued functions. More details can be founded in [27–29]. Particularly, in the field of inequalities, in 2017, Costa [30] presented the notions of convexity and gave the Jensen inequality for interval-valued functions. Based on this, some scholars combined classical inequalities with interval-valued functions to obtain some integral inequalities; see [31–33].

Motivated by the works mentioned, in this paper, we discuss the quantum calculus for interval-valued functions (shortly, Iq-calculus). Firstly, we give the concepts of Iq-calculus and define the Iq-derivative and Iq-integral. We also give some basic properties. Moreover, we generalize some q-Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities. Since quantum calculus is a particular case of time-scale calculus (Bohner and Peterson [34, 35]), the results of this paper are helpful for future research on integral inequalities for interval-valued functions on time-scales. At the same time, the results of this paper can be used as a powerful tool in fuzzy analysis, interval optimization, and interval-valued differential equations.

The paper is organized as follows. We review some basic properties of interval analysis in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3, we put forward the concepts of Iq-derivative and give some properties. Similarly, we present the concepts of Iq-integral and some properties in Sect. 4. In Sect. 5, we give some new Iq-Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities. Finally, Sect. 6 contains some conclusions. We give several examples to illustrate the statements.

2 Preliminaries

First, let $\mathcal{K}_{c}=\{U=[u^{-},u^{+}]|u^{-},u^{+} \in\mathbb{R}, u^{-} \leq u^{+}\}$ be the set of all closed intervals. The length of an interval $[u^{-},u^{+}] \in\mathcal{K}_{c}$ is denoted by $\ell (U):=u^{+}-u^{-}$. Moreover, we say that U is positive if $u^{-}>0$, and we denote by $\mathcal{K}_{c}^{+}$ all positive intervals belonging to $\mathcal{K}_{c}$.

For any $U=[u^{-},u^{+}], V=[v^{-},v^{+}] \in\mathcal{K}_{c}$, and $\alpha\in \mathbb{R}$, the addition and scalar multiplication are defined by

$$U+V= \bigl[u^{-},u^{+} \bigr]+ \bigl[v^{-},v^{+} \bigr]= \bigl[u^{-}+v^{-},u^{+}+v^{+} \bigr] $$

and

$$\alpha U=\alpha \bigl[u^{-}, u^{+} \bigr]=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l}{ [\alpha u^{-}, \alpha u^{+} ]} & \text{if } \alpha>0, \\ \{0\} & \text{if } \alpha=0, \\ { [\alpha u^{+}, \alpha u^{-} ]} & \text{if } \alpha< 0. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

Definition 2.1

([36])

For any $U, V \in\mathcal{K}_{c}$, we define the gH-difference of U and V as the set $W \in \mathcal{K}_{c}$ such that

$$ U \ominus_{g} V=W \quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l}&\text{(a) }{U=V+W},\\ \text{or}& \text{(b) }{V=U+(-W)} . \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(2.1)

Clearly,

$$ U \ominus_{g} V=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l}{ [u^{-}-v^{-}, u^{+}-v^{+} ]} & {\text{if } \ell(U) \geq\ell(V)}, \\ { [u^{+}-v^{+}, u^{-}-v^{-} ]} & {\text{if } \ell(U)< \ell(V).} \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(2.2)

In particular, if $V=v \in\mathbb{R}$ is a constant, then

$$U \ominus_{g} V= \bigl[u^{-}-v, u^{+}-v \bigr]. $$

The relationship “⊆” between U and V can be defined as

$$ U \subseteq V \quad\text{if} \quad v^{-} \leq u^{-} \quad\text{and} \quad u^{+} \leq v^{+}. $$

(2.3)

The Hausdorff–Pompeiu distance $\mathcal{H} : \mathcal{K}_{c} \times \mathcal{K}_{c} \rightarrow[0, \infty)$ between U and V is defined by $\mathcal{H}(U, V)=\max \{ \vert u^{-}-v^{-} \vert , \vert u^{+}-v^{+} \vert \}$. Subsequently, $(\mathcal{K}_{c}, \mathcal {H})$ is a complete metric space (see [37]).

Definition 2.2

$F :[s, t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ is said to be continuous at $x_{0} \in[s,t]$ if

$$ \mathcal{H} \bigl(F(x), F(x_{0}) \bigr) \rightarrow0 \quad\text{as } x \rightarrow x_{0}. $$

We denote by $C([s,t],\mathcal{K}_{c})$ and $C([s,t], \mathbb{R})$ the sets of all continuous interval-valued functions and real-valued functions on $[s,t]$, respectively.

For more basic notations from interval analysis, see [24, 36, 38].

In this paper, we use the symbols F and G for interval-valued functions. For any $F :[s, t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ such that $F=[f^{-},f^{+}]$, we say that F is ℓ-increasing (or ℓ-decreasing) on $[s,t]$ if $\ell(F):[s,t] \rightarrow[0, \infty)$ is increasing (or decreasing) on $[s,t]$. If $\ell(F)$ is monotone on $[s,t]$, then we say that F is ℓ-monotone on $[s,t]$.

3 Iq-Derivative for interval-valued functions

In this section, we present the concepts of Iq-derivative and give some properties. Firstly, let us recall the definition of q-derivative. Let $0< q<1$ be any constant.

Definition 3.1

([2])

Let $f \in C([s,t], \mathbb{R})$. The q-derivative of f at $x \in [s,t]$ is defined by

$$ {}_{s} D_{q} f(x)=\frac{f(x)-f(q x+(1-q) s)}{(1-q)(x-s)},\quad x \neq s, \qquad {}_{s} D_{q} f(s)=\lim _{x \rightarrow s^{+}} D_{q} f(x). $$

(3.1)

If ${}_{s} D_{q} f(x)$ exists for all $x \in[s,t]$, then f is called q-differentiable on $[s, t]$. Note that if $s=0$ in (3.1), then ${}_{0}D_{q}f=D_{q}f$, where $D_{q}$ is the well-known q-Jackson derivative of the function f defined by

$$ D_{q} f(x)=\frac{f(x)-f(qx)}{(1-q)x}. $$

For more details, see [2].

Now we introduce the Iq-derivative and some corresponding properties.

Definition 3.2

Let $F \in C([s,t],\mathcal{K}_{c})$. The Iq-derivative of F at $x \in[s,t]$ is defined by

$$ {}_{s} D_{q}F(x)=\frac{F(x)\ominus_{g}F(q x+(1-q) s)}{(1-q)(x-s)},\quad x \neq s, \qquad{}_{s} D_{q} F(s)=\lim _{x \rightarrow s^{+}} D_{q} F(x), $$

(3.2)

where $D_{q}F$ is called the Iq-Jackson derivative of F defined by

$$ D_{q} F(x)=\frac{F(x)\ominus_{g}F(qx)}{(1-q)x}. $$

If ${}_{s} D_{q} F(x)$ exists for all $x \in[s,t]$, then F is called Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$.

Theorem 3.3

A function $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$is Iq-differentiable at $x \in[s,t]$if and only if $f^{-}$and $f^{+}$are q-differentiable at $x \in[s,t]$, and

$$ {}_{s}D_{q}F(x)= \bigl[\min \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(x), _{s}D_{q}f^{+}(x) \bigr\} ,\max \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(x),{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}(x) \bigr\} \bigr]. $$

(3.3)

Proof

Suppose F is Iq-differentiable at x. Then there exist $g^{-}(x)$, $g^{+}(x)$ such that ${}_{s} D_{q}F(x)=[g^{-}(x),g^{+}(x)]$. According to Definition 3.2,

$$ g^{-}(x)= \min \biggl\{ \frac{f^{-}(x)-f^{-} (qx+(1-q)s )}{(1-q)(x-s)}, \frac{f^{+}(x)-f^{+} (qx+(1-q)s )}{(1-q)(x-s)} \biggr\} $$

and

$$ g^{+}(x)= \max \biggl\{ \frac{f^{-}(x)-f^{-} (qx+(1-q)s )}{(1-q)(x-s)}, \frac{f^{+}(x)-f^{+} (qx+(1-q)s )}{(1-q)(x-s)} \biggr\} $$

exist. Then ${}_{s} D_{q}f^{-}(x)$ and ${}_{s} D_{q}f^{+}(x)$ exist, and (3.3) is feasible.

Conversely, suppose $f^{-}$ and $f^{+}$ are q-differentiable at x.

If ${}_{s} D_{q}f^{-}(x) \leq{}_{s} D_{q}f^{+}(x)$, then

$$ \begin{aligned} & \bigl[{}_{s} D_{q}f^{-}(x),{}_{s} D_{q}f^{+}(x) \bigr] \\ &\quad= \biggl[\frac{f^{-}(x)-f^{-} (qx+(1-q)s )}{(1-q)(x-s)},\frac {f^{+}(x)-f^{+} (qx+(1-q)s )}{(1-q)(x-s)} \biggr] \\ &\quad=\frac{f(x)\ominus_{g}f (qx+(1-q)s )}{(1-q)(x-s)} \\ &\quad={}_{s}D_{q}F(x). \end{aligned} $$

So F is Iq-differentiable at x. Similarly, if ${}_{s} D_{q}f^{-}(x) \geq {}_{s} D_{q}f^{+}(x)$, then ${}_{s}D_{q}F(x)=[{}_{s} D_{q}f^{+}(x), {}_{s} D_{q}f^{-}(x)]$. □

We illustrate this result by the following example.

Example 3.4

Consider $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ given by $F(x)=[-|x|,|x|]$. It follows that $F(x)$ is Iq-differentiable. By Definition 3.2, for $s<0$, we have

$$ \begin{aligned} {}_{s}D_{q}F(0) &= \frac{[0,0]\ominus_{g}[(1-q)s,-(1-q)s]}{(1-q)(-s)} \\ &= \biggl[\min \biggl\{ \frac{0-(1-q)s}{(1-q)(-s)},\frac {0+(1-q)s}{(1-q)(-s)} \biggr\} ,\max \biggl\{ \frac {0-(1-q)s}{(1-q)(-s)},\frac{0+(1-q)s}{(1-q)(-s)} \biggr\} \biggr], \\ &=[-1,1], \end{aligned} $$

and if $s=0$, then

$$ \begin{aligned} {}_{0}D_{q}F(0) &=\lim _{x \rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{[- \vert x \vert , \vert x \vert ]\ominus _{g}[-q \vert x \vert ,q \vert x \vert ]}{(1-q)x} \\ &= \biggl[\min \biggl\{ \lim_{x \rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{- \vert x \vert +q \vert x \vert }{(1-q)x},\lim _{x \rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{ \vert x \vert -q \vert x \vert }{(1-q)x} \biggr\} , \\ &\quad\max \biggl\{ \lim_{x \rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{- \vert x \vert +q \vert x \vert }{(1-q)x},\lim _{x \rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{ \vert x \vert -q \vert x \vert }{(1-q)x} \biggr\} \biggr] \\ &=[-1,1]. \end{aligned} $$

Meanwhile, we know that $f^{-}(x)=-|x|$ and $f^{+}(x)=|x|$ are q-differentiable at 0. Similarly, if $s<0$, then we have

$$\begin{gathered} {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(0)=\frac{0-(1-q)s}{(1-q)(-s)}=1, \\ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}(0)=\frac{0+(1-q)s}{(1-q)(-s)}=-1;\end{gathered} $$

and if $s=0$, then

$$\begin{gathered} {}_{0}D_{q}f^{-}(0)=\lim _{x \rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{- \vert x \vert +q \vert x \vert }{(1-q)x}=-1, \\ {}_{0}D_{q}f^{+}(0)=\lim _{x \rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{ \vert x \vert -q \vert x \vert }{(1-q)x}=1.\end{gathered} $$

This shows that ${}_{s}D_{q}F(0)=[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}(0),{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(0)]$ if $s<0$ and ${}_{0}D_{q}F(0)=[{}_{0}D_{q}f^{-}(0),{}_{0}D_{q}f^{+}(0)]$ if $s=0$.

To illustrate the nature of the derivatives more clearly, we give the following results.

Theorem 3.5

Let $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$. If F is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, then we have:

• (i) ${}_{s}D_{q}F(x)= [{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(x),{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}(x) ]$for all $x \in[s,t]$if F is ℓ-increasing;

• (ii) ${}_{s}D_{q}F(x)= [{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}(x),{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(x) ]$for all $x \in[s,t]$if F is ℓ-decreasing.

Proof

First, suppose F is ℓ-increasing and Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$. For any $x \in[s,t]$, we have $x>qx+(1-q)s$. Since $\ell (F)=f^{+}-f^{-}$ is increasing, we have

$$\begin{gathered} \bigl[f^{+}(x)-f^{-}(x) \bigr]- \bigl[f^{+} \bigl(qx+(1-q)s \bigr)-f^{-} \bigl(qx+(1-q)s \bigr) \bigr]>0, \\ f^{+}(x)-f^{+} \bigl(qx+(1-q)s \bigr)>f^{-}(x)-f^{-} \bigl(qx+(1-q)s \bigr).\end{gathered} $$

Therefore

$$ \begin{aligned} {}_{s}D_{q}F(x) &= \frac{[f^{-}(x),f^{+}(x)]\ominus_{g} [f^{-}(qx+(1-q)s),f^{+}(qx+(1-q)s)]}{(1-q)(x-s)} \\ &= \biggl[\frac{f^{-}(x)-f^{-}(qx+(1-q)s)}{(1-q)(x-s)},\frac {f^{+}(x)-f^{+}(qx+(1-q)s)}{(1-q)(x-s)} \biggr] \\ &= \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(x),{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}(x) \bigr]. \end{aligned} $$

The other condition can be similarly proved. □

Remark 3.6

Let $c \in(s,t)$ be a given point. If F is ℓ-increasing on $[s,c)$ and ℓ-decreasing on $(c,t]$, then ${}_{s}D_{q}F= [{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} ]$ on $[s,c)$ and ${}_{s}D_{q}F= [{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-} ]$ on $(c,t]$.

Example 3.7

Let $F:[0,1] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ be given by $F(x)= [-x^{2}-1, x^{2}-2 x ]$. Since $\ell(F)=2x^{2}-2x+1$, it follows that F is ℓ-decreasing on $[0,\frac{1}{2})$ and ℓ-increasing on $(\frac{1}{2},1]$. Since $f^{-}(x)=-x^{2}-1$ and $f^{+}(x)=x^{2}-2 x$ are q-differentiable on $[0,1]$, we have

$$ \begin{gathered} {}_{0}D_{q}f^{-}(x)= \frac{-x^{2}-1+(q x)^{2}+1}{(1-q)x}=-(1+q) x, \\ {}_{0}D_{q} f^{+}(x)=\frac{x^{2}-2x-(q x)^{2}+2(q x)}{(1-q)x}=(1+q) x-2, \\ \begin{aligned}{}_{\frac{1}{2}}D_{q} f^{-}(x)&=\frac{-x^{2}-1- [- (q x+\frac {1}{2}(1-q)^{2} )-1 ]}{(1-q)(x-\frac{1}{2})} \\ &=-(1+q) x-\frac {1}{2}(1-q),\end{aligned} \\ \begin{aligned}{}_{\frac{1}{2}}D_{q} f^{+}(x)&=\frac{x^{2}-2x- (q x+\frac {1}{2}(1-q) )^{2}+2 (q x+\frac{1}{2}(1-q) )}{(1-q)(x-\frac {1}{2})} \\ &=(1+q) x-2+\frac{1}{2}(1-q),\end{aligned} \end{gathered} $$

and

$$ \lim_{x \rightarrow\frac{1}{2}} D_{q} f^{-}(x)=-1;\qquad \lim _{x \rightarrow\frac{1}{2}} D_{q} f^{+}(x)=-1. $$

Therefore

$$ {}_{s}D_{q}F(x)=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l}{[-(1+q) x,(1+q) x-2]} & {\text{ if } x \in [0, \frac{1}{2} )}, \\ {\{-1\}} & {\text{ if } x=\frac{1}{2}},\\ {[(1+q) x-2+\frac{1}{2}(1-q), -(1+q) x-\frac{1}{2}(1-q)]} & {\text{ if } x \in (\frac{1}{2}, 1 ]}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

Theorem 3.8

Let $F :[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$be Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$. Then for all $C=[c^{-},c^{+}]\in\mathcal{K}_{c}$and $\alpha\in \mathbb{R}$, the functions $F+C$and αF are Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, and ${}_{s}D_{q}(F+C)={}_{s}D_{q}F$and ${}_{s}D_{q}(\alpha F)=\alpha_{s}D_{q}F$.

Proof

For any $x \in[s,t]$,

$$\begin{aligned} &\begin{aligned} \text{(i)} \quad{}_{s}D_{q} \bigl(F(x)+C \bigr) &=\frac{(F(x)+C)\ominus_{g}(F(qx+(1-q)s)+C)}{(1-q)(x-s)} \\ &=\frac{ F(x)\ominus_{g} F(qx+(1-q)s)}{(1-q)(x-s)} \\ &={}_{s}D_{q}F(x), \end{aligned} \\ &\begin{aligned} \text{(ii)} \quad{}_{s}D_{q} \bigl(\alpha F(x) \bigr) &=\frac{\alpha F(x)\ominus_{g}\alpha F(qx+(1-q)s)}{(1-q)(x-s)} \\ &=\alpha\frac{ F(x)\ominus_{g} F(qx+(1-q)s)}{(1-q)(x-s)} \\ &=\alpha_{s}D_{q}F(x). \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

 □

Theorem 3.9

Let $F :[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$be Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$. For $C=[c^{-},c^{+}]\in\mathcal{K}_{c}$, if $\ell(F)-\ell(C)$has a constant sign on $[s,t]$, then the function $F \ominus_{g} C$is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, and ${}_{s}D_{q}(F \ominus_{g} C)={}_{s}D_{q}F$.

Proof

For any $x \in[s,t]$,

$$ \begin{aligned} {}_{s}D_{q} \bigl(F(x) \ominus_{g}C \bigr) &=\frac{ (F(x)\ominus_{g}C )\ominus_{g} (F(qx+(1-q)s)\ominus_{g}C )}{(1-q)(x-s)} \\ &=\frac{ F(x)\ominus_{g} F(qx+(1-q)s)}{(1-q)(x-s)} \\ &={}_{s}D_{q}F(x). \end{aligned} $$

 □

Theorem 3.10

Let $F,G :[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$. If F, G are Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, then the sum $F+G:[s,t] \rightarrow \mathcal{K}_{c}$is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, and one of the following cases holds:

• (a) If F, G are equally ℓ-monotonic on $[s,t]$, then for all $x \in[s,t]$,

  $$ {}_{s}D_{q} \bigl(F(x)+G(x) \bigr)= {}_{s}D_{q} F(x)+{}_{s}D_{q} G(x). $$

  (3.4)

• (b) If F and G are differently ℓ-monotonic on $[s,t]$, then for all $x \in[s,t]$,

  $$ {}_{s}D_{q}(F+G) (x)={}_{s}D_{q}F (x) \ominus_{g}(-1){}_{s}D_{q}G (x). $$

  (3.5)

Moreover, in all cases, we have

$$ {}_{s}D_{q} \bigl(F(x)+G(x) \bigr)\subseteq{}_{s}D_{q} F(x)+{}_{s}D_{q} G(x). $$

(3.6)

Proof

(a) Suppose F, G are Iq-differentiable and ℓ-increasing on $[s,t]$. Then $f^{-}$, $f^{+}$, $g^{-}$, and $g^{+}$ are q-differentiable, and

$${}_{s}D_{q}f^{-} \leq{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}, \qquad{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-} \leq{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+}. $$

Then $f^{-}+g^{-}$ and $f^{+}+g^{+}$ are q-differentiable functions on $[s,t]$, and thus $F+G$ is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, and

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] _{s}D_{q}(F+G) &= \bigl[ \min \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} , \\ &\quad\max \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} \bigr] \\ &= \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr] \\ &={}_{s}D_{q}F+ _{s}D_{q}G. \end{aligned} $$

(3.7)

Similarly, we can prove that both F and G are ℓ-decreasing.

(b) Suppose F is ℓ-increasing and G is ℓ-decreasing. Then

$$_{s}D_{q}f^{-} \leq{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}, \qquad{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-} \geq{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+}. $$

On the one hand,

$$ \begin{aligned} {}_{s}D_{q}( F+G) ={}& \bigl[\min \bigl\{ {} _{s}D_{q}f^{-}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} , \\ &\max \bigl\{ {} _{s}D_{q}f^{-}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} \bigr]. \end{aligned} $$

(3.8)

On the other hand,

$$ \begin{aligned}[b]{} _{s}D_{q}F \ominus_{g}(-1){}_{s}D_{q}G ={}& \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} \bigr] \ominus_{g}(-1) \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+}, {}_{s}D_{q}g^{-} \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}, {}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} \bigr] \ominus_{g} \bigl[{-}{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[\min \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} , \\ &\max \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} \bigr]. \end{aligned} $$

(3.9)

Comparing (3.8) with (3.9), we get (3.5). Further,

$${}_{s}D_{q} F+{}_{s}D_{q} G= \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-} +{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}+{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-} \bigr]. $$

So if $F+G$ is ℓ-increasing or ℓ-decreasing, we get

$$ {}_{s}D_{q} \bigl(F(x)+G(x) \bigr)\subseteq{}_{s}D_{q} F(x)+{}_{s}D_{q} G(x). $$

(3.10)

The opposite case can be similarly proved. □

Theorem 3.11

Let $F,G :[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$. If F, G are Iq-differentiable and $\ell(F)-\ell(G)$has a constant sign on $[s,t]$, then the function $F\ominus_{g}G:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal {K}_{c}$is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, and one of the following cases holds:

• (a) If $F,G$are equally ℓ-monotonic on $[s,t]$, then for all $x \in[s,t]$,

  $$ {}_{s}D_{q} \bigl(F(x)\ominus_{g}G(x) \bigr)={}_{s}D_{q} F(x)\ominus_{g} {}_{s}D_{q} G(x). $$

  (3.11)

• (b) If F and G are differently ℓ-monotonic on $[s,t]$, then for all $x \in[s,t]$,

  $$ {}_{s}D_{q}(F\ominus_{g}G) (x)={}_{s}D_{q}F (x)+(-1){}_{s}D_{q}G (x). $$

  (3.12)

Proof

We now assume that $\ell( F) \geq\ell(G)$ on $[s,t]$ and $F\ominus _{g} G=[f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+}]$.

(a) Suppose F, G are ℓ-increasing on $[s,t]$. Since F, G are Iq-differentiable, we have that $f^{-}$, $f^{+}$, $g^{-}$, and $g^{+}$ are q-differentiable and

$${}_{s}D_{q}f^{-} \leq{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}, \qquad{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-} \leq{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+}. $$

Then $f^{-}-g^{-}$ and $f^{+}-g^{+}$ are q-differentiable functions on $[s,t]$. So $F\ominus_{g}G$ is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, and

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] {}_{s}D_{q}(F \ominus_{g}G) ={}& \bigl[\min \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} , \\ & \max \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} \bigr] \ominus_{g} \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-}, {}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr] \\ ={}&{}_{s}D_{q}F\ominus_{g}{}_{s}D_{q}G. \end{aligned} $$

(3.13)

The case where F and G are both ℓ-decreasing can be similarly proved.

(b) Suppose F is ℓ-increasing and G is ℓ-decreasing. From (a) we have that

$${}_{s}D_{q}f^{-} \leq{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}, \qquad{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-} \geq{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+}. $$

Since $\ell(F) \geq\ell(G)$, on one hand,

$$ \begin{aligned}[b]{} _{s}D_{q}( F\ominus_{g}G) ={}& \bigl[\min \bigl\{ {}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} , \\ & \max \bigl\{ {} _{s}D_{q}f^{-}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr\} \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-}, {}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr] . \end{aligned} $$

(3.14)

On the other hand,

$$ \begin{aligned}[b]{} _{s}D_{q}F+(-1){}_{s}D_{q}G ={}& \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} \bigr]+(-1) \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+}, {}_{s}D_{q}g^{-} \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} \bigr] + \bigl[-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{-},{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}-{}_{s}D_{q}g^{+} \bigr] . \end{aligned} $$

(3.15)

Comparing (3.14) with (3.15), we get (3.12). The opposite case can be similarly proved. □

Example 3.12

Let $F,G :[0,2]\rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ be given by $F(x)=[0,-x^{2}+2x]$ and $G(x)=[0,2x^{2}-4x+3]$. Since $\ell (F(x))=-x^{2}+2x$ and $\ell(G(x))=2x^{2}-4x+3$, $\ell(F(x)) \leq\ell (G(x))$ for all $x \in[0,2]$. We have that $F(x)$ is ℓ-increasing on $[0,1]$ and ℓ-decreasing on $[1,2]$; $G(x)$ is ℓ-decreasing on $[0,1]$ and ℓ-increasing on $[1,2]$.

Further, we have that $F(x)+G(x)= [0,x^{2}-2x+3 ]$ and $F(x)\ominus_{g}G(x)= [-3x^{2}+6x-3,0 ]$. Since $\ell (F(x)+G(x))=x^{2}-2x+3$ and $\ell(F(x)\ominus_{g}G(x))=3x^{2}-6x+3$, $F(x)+G(x)$ and $F(x)\ominus_{g}G(x)$ are ℓ-decreasing on $[0,1]$ and ℓ-increasing on $[1,2]$. For all $x \in[0,1]$, we get

$$\begin{gathered} {}_{0}D_{q}F(x)= \bigl[{}_{0}D_{q}f^{-}(x),{}_{0}D_{q}f^{+}(x) \bigr]= \bigl[0,-(1+q)x+2 \bigr], \\ {}_{0}D_{q}G(x)= \bigl[{}_{0}D_{q}g^{+}(x),{}_{0}D_{q}g^{-}(x) \bigr]= \bigl[2(1+q)x-4,0 \bigr], \\ \begin{aligned} {}_{0}D_{q} \bigl(F(x)+G(x) \bigr)&= \bigl[{}_{0}D_{q} \bigl(f^{+}(x)+g^{+}(x) \bigr),{}_{0}D_{q} \bigl(f^{-}(x)+g^{-}(x) \bigr) \bigr] \\ &= \bigl[(1+q)x-2,0 \bigr], \end{aligned} \\ \begin{aligned} {}_{0}D_{q} \bigl(F(x) \ominus_{g}G(x) \bigr)&= \bigl[{}_{0}D_{q} \bigl(f^{-}(x)-g^{-}(x) \bigr),{}_{0}D_{q} \bigl(f^{+}(x)-g^{+}(x) \bigr) \bigr] \\ &= \bigl[0,-3(1+q)x+6 \bigr]. \end{aligned}\end{gathered} $$

Then from (3.9) and (3.15) we have

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} {}_{0}D_{q}F(x) \ominus_{g}(-1){}_{0}D_{q}G(x) ={}& \bigl[0,-(1+q)x+2 \bigr] \ominus_{g}(-1) \bigl[2(1+q)x-4,0 \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[0,-(1+q)x+2 \bigr] \ominus_{g} \bigl[0,-2(1+q)x+4 \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[\min \bigl\{ 0,(1+q)x-2 \bigr\} ,\max \bigl\{ 0,(1+q)x-2 \bigr\} \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[(1+q)x-2,0 \bigr], \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} {}_{0}D_{q}F(x)+(-1){}_{0}D_{q}G(x) ={}& \bigl[0,-(1+q)x+2 \bigr]+(-1) \bigl[2(1+q)x-4,0 \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[0,-(1+q)x+2 \bigr]+ \bigl[0,-2(1+q)x+4 \bigr] \\ ={}& \bigl[0,-3(1+q)x+6 \bigr]. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

Further, for all $x \in[1,2]$, we similarly obtain

$$\begin{aligned}& _{1}D_{q}F(x)= \bigl[{}_{1}D_{q}f^{+}(x),{}_{1}D_{q}f^{-}(x) \bigr]= \bigl[-(1+q)x-(1-q)+2,0 \bigr], \\& {}_{1}D_{q}G(x)= \bigl[{}_{1}D_{q}g^{-}(x),{}_{1}D_{q}g^{+}(x) \bigr]= \bigl[0,2(1+q)x+2(1-q)-4 \bigr], \\& \begin{aligned} {}_{1}D_{q} \bigl(F(x)+G(x) \bigr)&= \bigl[{}_{1}D_{q} \bigl(f^{-}(x)+g^{-}(x) \bigr),{}_{1}D_{q} \bigl(f^{+}(x)+g^{+}(x) \bigr) \bigr] \\ &= \bigl[0,(1+q)x+(1-q)-2 \bigr], \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} {}_{1}D_{q} \bigl(F(x) \ominus_{g}G(x) \bigr)&= \bigl[{}_{1}D_{q} \bigl(f^{+}(x)-g^{+}(x) \bigr),{}_{1}D_{q} \bigl(f^{-}(x)-g^{-}(x) \bigr) \bigr] \\ &= \bigl[-3(1+q)x-3(1-q)+6,0 \bigr], \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} &{}_{0}D_{q}F(x) \ominus_{g}(-1){}_{0}D_{q}G(x) \\ &\quad= \bigl[-(1+q)x-(1-q)+2,0 \bigr] \ominus_{g}(-1) \bigl[0,2(1+q)x+2(1-q)-4 \bigr] \\ &\quad= \bigl[-(1+q)x-(1-q)+2,0 \bigr] \ominus_{g} \bigl[-2(1+q)x-2(1-q)+4,0 \bigr] \\ &\quad= \bigl[\min \bigl\{ (1+q)x+(1-q)-2,0 \bigr\} ,\max \bigl\{ (1+q)x+(1-q)-2,0 \bigr\} \bigr] \\ &\quad= \bigl[0,(1+q)x+(1-q)-2 \bigr], \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} &{}_{0}D_{q}F(x)+(-1){}_{0}D_{q}G(x) \\ &\quad= \bigl[-(1+q)x-(1-q)+2,0 \bigr]+(-1) \bigl[0,2(1+q)x+2(1-q)-4 \bigr] \\ &\quad= \bigl[-(1+q)x-(1-q)+2,0 \bigr]+ \bigl[-2(1+q)x-2(1-q)+4,0 \bigr] \\ &\quad= \bigl[-3(1+q)x-3(1-q)+6,0 \bigr]. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

Obviously, we see that ${}_{s}D_{q}(F+G) (x)={}_{s}D_{q}F (x) \ominus _{g}(-1){}_{s}D_{q}G (x)$ and ${}_{s}D_{q}(F\ominus_{g}G) (x)={}_{s}D_{q}F (x)+(-1){}_{s}D_{q}G (x)$.

4 Iq-Integral for interval-valued functions

In this section, we present the concepts of Iq-integral and give some properties. Firstly, let us recall the definition of q-integral.

Definition 4.1

([2])

Let $f \in C([s,t], \mathbb{R})$. Then the q-integral is defined by

$$ \int_{s}^{\xi} f(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x=(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) $$

(4.1)

for all $\xi\in[s,t]$. Additionally, if $c \in(s,\xi)$, then the definite q-integral on $[s,t]$ is defined by

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \int_{c}^{\xi} f(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x={}& \int_{s}^{\xi} f(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x- \int_{s}^{c} f(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \\ ={}&(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) \\ &-(1-q) (c-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f \bigl(q^{n} c+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr). \end{aligned} $$

(4.2)

Note that if $s=0$, then (4.1) reduces to the classical q-Jackson integral of a function f defined by $\int_{0}^{\xi} f(x)\,{}_{0} d_{q} x=(1-q) \xi\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n}f (q^{n} \xi )$ for $x \in[0,\infty)$. For more details, see [2].

Next, we give the concept of the Iq-integral and discuss some basic properties.

Definition 4.2

Let $F \in C([s,t],\mathcal{K}_{c})$. Then the Iq-integral is defined by

$$ \int_{s}^{\xi}F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x=(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum _{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} F \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) $$

(4.3)

for all $\xi\in[s,t]$.

Theorem 4.3

Let $F \in C([s,t],\mathcal{K}_{c})$. If $c \in(s,\xi)$, then we have that

$$ \begin{aligned} \int_{s}^{c}F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x+ \int_{c}^{\xi}F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x= \int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x . \end{aligned} $$

(4.4)

Proof

$$\begin{aligned} & \int_{s}^{c}F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x+ \int_{c}^{\xi}F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad=(1-q) (c-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} F \bigl(q^{n} c+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) \\ &\qquad+(1-q) (\xi-c) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} F \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) c \bigr) \\ &\quad= \Biggl[(1-q) (c-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f^{-} \bigl(q^{n} c+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr), \\ &\qquad(1-q) (c-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f^{+} \bigl(q^{n} c+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) \Biggr] \\ &\qquad+ \Biggl[(1-q) (\xi-c) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f^{-} \bigl(q^{n} \xi + \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) c \bigr), \\ &\qquad (1-q) (\xi-c) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f^{+} \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) c \bigr) \Biggr] \\ &\quad= \Biggl[(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f^{-} \bigl(q^{n} \xi + \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr), \\ &\qquad(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} f^{+} \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) \Biggr] \\ &\quad=(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} F \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr)= \int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x . \end{aligned}$$

 □

Theorem 4.4

Let $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$. If $F \in C([s,t],\mathcal{K}_{c})$, then F is Iq-integrable if and only if $f^{-}$and $f^{+}$are q-integrable over $[s,t]$. Moreover,

$$ \int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x= \biggl[ \int_{s}^{\xi} f^{-}(x)\, {}_{s} d_{q}x, \int_{s}^{\xi} f^{+}(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}x \biggr]. $$

(4.5)

Proof

The proof can be obtained by combining Definitions 4.1 and 4.2 and hence is omitted. □

Example 4.5

Let $F:[0,1] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ be given by $F(x)=[x^{2},x]$. For $0< q<1$, we have

$$ \begin{aligned} \int_{0}^{1} F(x)\,{}_{0} d_{q}^{I} x&= \biggl[ \int_{0}^{1} x^{2}\,{}_{0} d_{q}x, \int_{0}^{1} x\,{}_{0} d_{q}x \biggr] \\ &= \Biggl[(1-q)\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{3n},(1-q)\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{2n} \Biggr] \\ &= \biggl[\frac{1}{1+q+q^{2}},\frac{1}{1+q} \biggr]. \end{aligned} $$

Theorem 4.6

Let $F,G:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$, and let $\alpha\in\mathbb {R}$. If $F,G \in C([s,t],\mathcal{K}_{c})$, then for $x \in[s,t]$, we have:

• (i) $\int_{s}^{\xi}[F(x)+G(x)]\,{}_{s} d_{q} x=\int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x+\int_{s}^{\xi} G(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x$;

• (ii) $\int_{s}^{\xi} \alpha F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x=\alpha\int _{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}x$.

Proof

From Definition 4.2 we have:

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \text{(i)}\quad& \int_{s}^{\xi} \bigl[F(x)+G(x) \bigr] \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad=(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} \bigl[F \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr)+G \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) \bigr] \\ &\quad=(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n}F \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr)\\&\qquad+(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n}G \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) \\ &\quad= \int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x+ \int_{s}^{\xi} G(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x; \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \text{(ii)}\quad \int_{s}^{\xi} \alpha F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x &=(1-q) (\xi-s) \sum _{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n}\alpha F \bigl(q^{n} \xi+ \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s \bigr) \\ &=\alpha \int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

 □

Theorem 4.7

If $F,G \in C([s,t],\mathcal{K}_{c})$, then

$$\int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \ominus_{g} \int_{s}^{\xi} G(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \subseteq \int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\ominus_{g} G(x)\, {}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x. $$

Moreover, if $\ell( F)-\ell(G)$has a constant sign on $[s,t]$, then

$$\int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \ominus_{g} \int_{s}^{\xi} G(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x = \int_{s}^{\xi} F(x)\ominus_{g} G(x) \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x. $$

Proof

First, we have

$$ \begin{aligned} & \int_{s}^{\xi} \min \bigl\{ f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr\} \,{}_{s} d_{q} x \\ &\quad \leq\min \biggl\{ \int_{s}^{\xi} \bigl(f^{-}-g^{-} \bigr)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x, \int _{s}^{\xi} \bigl(f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \biggr\} \\ &\quad\leq\max \biggl\{ \int_{s}^{\xi} \bigl(f^{-}-g^{-} \bigr)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x, \int _{s}^{\xi} \bigl(f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \biggr\} \\ &\quad\leq \int_{s}^{\xi} \max \bigl\{ f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr\} \,{}_{s} d_{q} x . \end{aligned} $$

This implies that

$$ \begin{aligned} & \int_{s}^{\xi} F\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \ominus_{g} \int_{s}^{\xi} G\, {}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad= \biggl[ \min \biggl\{ \int_{s}^{\xi} \bigl(f^{-}-g^{-} \bigr)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x, \int _{s}^{\xi} \bigl(f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \biggr\} , \\ & \qquad \max \biggl\{ \int_{s}^{\xi} \bigl(f^{-}-g^{-} \bigr)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x, \int_{s}^{\xi } \bigl(f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \biggr\} \biggr] \\ &\quad\subseteq \biggl[ \int_{s}^{\xi} \min \bigl\{ f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr\} \, {}_{s} d_{q} x, \int_{s}^{\xi} \max \bigl\{ f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr\} \,{}_{s} d_{q} x \biggr] \\ &\quad= \int_{s}^{\xi} F\ominus_{g} G \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x. \end{aligned} $$

Moreover, $F\ominus_{g} G=[f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+}]$ if $\ell( F) \geq \ell(G)$, or $F\ominus_{g} G=[f^{+}-g^{+},f^{-}-g^{-}]$ if $\ell( F) \leq\ell(G)$. We now assume that $\ell( F) \geq\ell(G)$ on $[s,t]$ and $F\ominus_{g} G=[f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+}]$. So we have $\int _{s}^{\xi} (f^{-}-g^{-})\,{}_{s} d_{q} x\leq\int_{s}^{\xi }(f^{+}-g^{+})\,{}_{s} d_{q} x$. This implies that

$$ \begin{aligned} \int_{s}^{\xi} F\ominus_{g} G \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x &= \biggl[ \int_{s}^{\xi } \min \bigl\{ f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr\} \,{}_{s} d_{q} x, \\ &\quad \int_{s}^{\xi} \max \bigl\{ f^{-}-g^{-},f^{+}-g^{+} \bigr\} \,{}_{s} d_{q} x \biggr] \\ &= \biggl[ \int_{s}^{\xi} f^{-} \,{}_{s} d_{q} x, \int_{s}^{\xi} f^{+}\, {}_{s} d_{q} x \biggr] \ominus_{g} \biggl[ \int_{s}^{\xi} g^{-} \,{}_{s} d_{q} x, \int_{s}^{\xi} g^{+} \,{}_{s} d_{q} x \biggr] \\ &= \int_{s}^{\xi} F\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \ominus_{g} \int_{s}^{\xi} G\, {}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x . \end{aligned} $$

 □

Theorem 4.8

Let $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$. If F is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, then ${}_{s} D_{q} F$is Iq-integrable. Moreover, if F is ℓ-monotone on $[s,t]$, then

$$ F(x)\ominus_{g}F(c)= \int_{c}^{x}{}_{s} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi\quad\textit{for all } c \in[s,x]. $$

(4.6)

Proof

If F is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, then from Theorem 3.3 it follows that $f^{-}$ and $f^{+}$ are q-differentiable. Hence ${}_{s} D_{q} f^{-}$ and $_{s} D_{q} f^{+}$ exist on $[s,t]$. Meanwhile, ${}_{s} D_{q} f^{-}$ and ${}_{s} D_{q} f^{+}$ are q-integrable. Therefore Theorem 4.4 imply that ${}_{s} D_{q} F$ is Iq-integrable. If F is ℓ-increasing on $[s,t]$, then ${}_{s}D_{q}F(x)= [{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(x),{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}(x) ]$ for all $x \in[s,t]$. Then we have that

$$\begin{gathered} f^{-}(x)-f^{-}(c)= \int_{c}^{x}{}_{s} D_{q} f^{-}(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}\xi, \\ f^{+}(x)-f^{+}(c)= \int_{c}^{x}{}_{s} D_{q} f^{+}(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}\xi.\end{gathered} $$

It follows that

$$F(x)=F(c)+ \int_{c}^{x}{}_{s} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi. $$

Since F is ℓ-increasing on $[s,t]$, by (2.1) we have

$$F(x)\ominus_{g}F(c)= \int_{c}^{x}{}_{s} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi. $$

If F is ℓ-decreasing on $[s,t]$, then ${}_{s}D_{q}F(x)= [{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}(x),{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}(x) ]$ for all $c \in[s,x]$. Then we get that

$$ \begin{aligned} \int_{c}^{x}{}_{s} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi&= \biggl[ \int _{c}^{x}{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+}( \xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q} \xi, \int _{c}^{x}{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-}( \xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}\xi \biggr] \\ &= \bigl[ f^{+}(x)-f^{+}(c), f^{-}(x)-f^{-}(c) \bigr] \\ &= \bigl[ f^{-}(x), f^{+}(x) \bigr] \ominus_{g} \bigl[ f^{-}(c), f^{+}(c) \bigr] \\ &=F(x)\ominus_{g}F(c). \end{aligned} $$

 □

Remark 4.9

We remark that if F is ℓ-increasing on $[s,t]$, then (4.6) is equivalent with

$$F(x)=F(c)+ \int_{c}^{x}{}_{s} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi, $$

and if F is ℓ-decreasing on $[s,t]$, then (4.6) is equivalent with

$$F(x)=F(c)\ominus_{g} (-1) \int_{c}^{x}{}_{s} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi $$

for all $x \in[s,t]$. Also, we remark that relation (4.6) can be false if F is not ℓ-monotone on $[s,t]$. Indeed, let $F:[0,2]\rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ be given by $F(x)=[0,-x^{2}+2x]$. For $c \in(0,1)$ and $x \in(1,2)$, we have that (see Example 3.12)

$$ \begin{aligned} \int_{c}^{x}{}_{0} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi &= \int_{c}^{1}{}_{0} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi+ \int _{1}^{x}{}_{1} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi \\ &= \bigl[0, c^{2}-2c+1 \bigr]+ \bigl[-x^{2}+2x-1, 0 \bigr] \\ &= \bigl[-x^{2}+2x-1, c^{2}-2c+1 \bigr]. \end{aligned} $$

Then we get that

$$ \begin{aligned} F(x) \ominus_{g} F(c) &= \bigl[\min \bigl\{ 0,(c-x) (c+x-2) \bigr\} ,\max \bigl\{ 0,(c-x) (c+x-2) \bigr\} \bigr] \\ & \neq \int_{c}^{x}{}_{0} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} \xi. \end{aligned} $$

Therefore (4.6) is not true for all $x \in[0,2]$.

Example 4.10

Let $F:[0,2] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ be given by $F(x)= [0, x^{2} ]$. Since $F(x)$ is Iq-differentiable and ℓ-increasing on $[0,2]$, ${}_{s} D_{q} F(x)$ is Iq-integrable, and ${}_{s} D_{q} F(x)=[0,(1+q)x]$. Let $c=1\in[0,x]$. Then

$$ F(x)\ominus_{g}F(1)= \bigl[0,x^{2}-1 \bigr], $$

and

$$ \begin{aligned} \int_{1}^{x}{}_{0} D_{q} F(\xi)\,{}_{0} d_{q}^{I} \xi&= \biggl[0, \int _{1}^{x}(1+q)\xi\,{}_{0} d_{q} \xi \biggr] \\ &= \biggl[0, \int_{0}^{x}(1+q)\xi\,{}_{0} d_{q}\xi- \int_{0}^{1}(1+q)\xi\,{}_{0} d_{q}\xi \biggr] \\ &= \bigl[0,x^{2}-1 \bigr]. \end{aligned} $$

5 Iq-Hermite–Hadamard inequalities for interval-valued functions

Now we review the definition and properties of convex interval-valued functions.

Definition 5.1

([31])

Let $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$. We say that F is convex if for all $x,y \in[s,t]$ and $\xi\in[0,1]$, we have

$$ F \bigl(\xi x+(1-\xi) y \bigr) \supseteq\xi F(x)+(1-\xi) F(y). $$

(5.1)

We denote by $SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$ the set of all convex interval-valued functions.

Theorem 5.2

([31])

Let $F:[s,t]\rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}^{+}$. Then F is convex if and only if $f^{-}$is convex and $f^{+}$is concave on $[s,t]$.

Theorem 5.3

Let $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}^{+}$. If $F \in SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$and F is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, then

$$ F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \supseteq \frac{1}{t-s} \int_{s}^{t} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \supseteq\frac{q F(s)+F(t)}{1+q}. $$

(5.2)

Proof

According to the Iq-differentiability of F on $[s,t]$, there are two tangents at the point $\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \in(s,t)$, and their equations are

$$h_{1}^{-}(x)=f^{-} \biggl( \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-} \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) $$

and

$$h_{1}^{+}(x)=f^{+} \biggl( \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr). $$

Since $F \in SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$, we have

$$H_{1}(x) \supseteq F(x) $$

for all $x \in[s,t]$. By Iq-integrating this inequality with respect to x on $[s,t]$ we obtain

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \int_{s}^{t} H_{1}(x) \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad= \int_{s}^{t} \biggl[F \biggl( \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl( \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \biggr]\, {}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl( \int_{s}^{t} x\,{}_{s} d_{q} x-(t-s) \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s)F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\qquad\times \Biggl((1-q) (t-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} \bigl( \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s+q^{n} t \bigr)-(t-s) \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \Biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\quad \quad\times \biggl((1-q) (t-s) \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{1}{1-q}- \frac {1}{1-q^{2}} \biggr) s+\frac{1}{1-q^{2}} t \biggr]-(t-s) \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl((t-s) \frac{q s+t}{1+q}-(t-s) \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \supseteq \int_{s}^{t} F(x)\, {}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x. \end{aligned} $$

(5.3)

Further, the straight line through the points $(s,f^{-}(s))$ and $(t,f^{-}(t))$ can be expressed by the linear equation

$$y^{-}(x)=f^{-}(s)+\frac{f^{-}(t)-f^{-}(s)}{t-s}(x-s), $$

and through the points $(s,f^{+}(s))$ and $(t,f^{+}(t))$ by the linear equation

$$y^{+}(x)=f^{+}(s)+\frac{f^{+}(t)-f^{+}(s)}{t-s}(x-s). $$

Since $F\in SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$, we have

$$Y(x) \subseteq F(x) $$

for all $x \in[s,t]$. By Iq-integrating this inequality with respect to x on $[s,t]$ we get

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \int_{s}^{t} Y(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad= \int_{s}^{t} \biggl(F(s)+\frac{F(t)-F(s)}{t-s}(x-s) \biggr)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad=(t-s) F(s)+\frac{F(t)-F(s)}{t-s} \int_{s}^{t}(x-s)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \\ &\quad=(t-s) F(s)+\frac{F(t)-F(s)}{t-s} \biggl( \int_{s}^{t} x\,{}_{s} d_{q} x-s(t-s) \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F(s)+\frac{F(t)-F(s)}{t-s} \Biggl((1-q) (t-s) \sum _{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} \bigl( \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s+q^{n} t \bigr)-s(t-s) \Biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F(s)+\frac{F(t)-F(s)}{t-s} \biggl((1-q) (t-s) \\ &\qquad\times \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{1}{1-q}-\frac{1}{1-q^{2}} \biggr) s+\frac{1}{1-q^{2}} t \biggr]-s(t-s) \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F(s)+ \bigl(F(t)-F(s) \bigr) \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q}-s \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s)F(s)+(t-s) \frac{F(t)-F(s)}{1+q} \\ &\quad=(t-s) \frac{q F(s)+F(t)}{1+q} \subseteq \int_{s}^{t} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x. \end{aligned} $$

(5.4)

Combining (5.3) and (5.4), we come to the following conclusion. □

Theorem 5.4

Let $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}^{+}$. If $F\in SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$and F is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, then

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] F \biggl(\frac{s+q t}{1+q} \biggr)+ \frac{(1-q)(t-s)}{1+q} {}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl( \frac{s+q t}{1+q} \biggr)&\supseteq \frac{1}{t-s} \int_{s}^{t} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \\ & \supseteq \frac{q F(s)+F(t)}{1+q}. \end{aligned} $$

(5.5)

Proof

According to the Iq-differentiability of F on $[s,t]$, there are two tangents at the point $\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \in(s,t)$, and their equations are

$$h_{2}^{-}(x)=f^{-} \biggl( \frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-} \biggl(\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) $$

and

$$h_{2}^{+}(x)=f^{+} \biggl( \frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} \biggl(\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr). $$

Since $F\in SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$, we have

$$H_{2}(x) \supseteq F(x) $$

for all $x \in[s,t]$. By Iq-integrating this inequality with respect to x on $[s,t]$ we have

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \int_{s}^{t} H_{2}(x) \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad= \int_{s}^{t} \biggl[F \biggl( \frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl( \frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \biggr] \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl( \int_{s}^{t} x\,{}_{s} d_{q} x-(t-s) \frac {s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s)F \biggl(\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\quad \quad\times \Biggl((1-q) (t-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} \bigl( \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s+q^{n} t \bigr)-(t-s) \frac {s+qt}{1+q} \Biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \\ & \quad\quad\times \biggl((1-q) (t-s) \biggl[ \biggl(\frac {1}{1-q}- \frac{1}{1-q^{2}} \biggr) s+\frac{1}{1-q^{2}} t \biggr]-(t-s) \frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s)F \biggl(\frac{s+qt}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \biggl((t-s) \frac{qs+t}{1+q}-(t-s) \frac {s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+qt}{1+q} \biggr) \frac{(t-s)^{2}(1-q)}{1+q} \supseteq \int_{s}^{t}F (x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x. \end{aligned} $$

(5.6)

Combining (5.6) and (5.4), we come to the following conclusion. □

Theorem 5.5

Let $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}^{+}$. If $F \in SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$and F is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, then

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+ \frac{(1-q)(t-s)}{2(1+q)} {}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl( \frac{s+t}{2} \biggr) &\supseteq \frac{1}{t-s} \int _{s}^{t} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \\ & \supseteq \frac{qF(s)+F(t)}{1+q}. \end{aligned} $$

(5.7)

Proof

According to the Iq-differentiability of F on $[s,t]$, there are two tangents at the point $\frac{s+t}{2} \in(s,t)$, and their equations

$$h_{3}^{-}(x)=f^{-} \biggl( \frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}f^{-} \biggl(\frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr) $$

and

$$h_{3}^{+}(x)=f^{+} \biggl( \frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}f^{+} \biggl(\frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr). $$

Since $F\in SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$, we have

$$H_{3}(x) \supseteq F(x) $$

for all $x \in[s,t]$. By Iq-integrating this inequality with respect to x on $[s,t]$ we have

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \int_{s}^{t} H_{3}(x) \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad= \int_{s}^{t} \biggl[F \biggl( \frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl( \frac{s+t}{2} \biggr) \biggl(x-\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr) \biggr] \,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \biggl( \int_{s}^{t} x\,{}_{s} d_{q} x-(t-s) \frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s)F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad\times \Biggl((1-q) (t-s) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^{n} \bigl( \bigl(1-q^{n} \bigr) s+q^{n} t \bigr)-(t-s) \frac{s+t}{2} \Biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad\times \biggl((1-q) (t-s) \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{1}{1-q}- \frac {1}{1-q^{2}} \biggr) s+\frac{1}{1-q^{2}} t \biggr]-(t-s) \frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s) F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \biggl((t-s) \frac{qs+t}{1+q}-(t-s) \frac{s+t}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad=(t-s)F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+{}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {s+t}{2} \biggr) \frac{(t-s)^{2}(1-q)}{2(1+q)} \supseteq \int_{s}^{t} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x. \end{aligned} $$

(5.8)

Combining (5.8) and (5.4), we come to the following conclusion. □

Theorem 5.6

Let $F:[s,t] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}^{+}$. If $F\in SX([s,t], \mathcal{K}_{c})$and F is Iq-differentiable on $[s,t]$, then

$$ \max \{\triangle_{1}, \triangle_{2}, \triangle_{3} \} \supseteq\frac{1}{t-s} \int_{s}^{t} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q} x \supseteq \frac{q F(s)+F(t)}{1+q}, $$

(5.9)

where

$$\begin{gathered} \triangle_{1}=F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr), \\ \triangle_{2}=F \biggl(\frac{s+q t}{1+q} \biggr)+ \frac{(1-q)(t-s)}{1+q} {}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl( \frac{s+q t}{1+q} \biggr), \\ \triangle_{3}=F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+ \frac{(1-q)(t-s)}{2(1+q)} {}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl( \frac{a+b}{2} \biggr).\end{gathered} $$

Proof

Combining (5.3), (5.6), (5.8), and (5.4) proves the conclusion. □

Example 5.7

Let $F:[0,1] \rightarrow\mathcal{K}_{c}$ be given by $F(x)=[x^{2},-x^{2}+4]$. It is obvious that $F(x)$ is Iq-differentiable on $[0,1]$. For $q=\frac{1}{2}$, we have

$$\begin{gathered} F \biggl(\frac{q s+t}{1+q} \biggr)=F \biggl(\frac{2}{3} \biggr)= \biggl[\frac {4}{9},\frac{32}{9} \biggr], \\ \frac{1}{t-s} \int_{s}^{t} F(x)\,{}_{s} d_{q}^{I} x= \biggl[ \int_{0}^{1} x^{2}\,{}_{0} d_{q}x, \int_{0}^{1} \bigl(-x^{2}+4 \bigr)\,{}_{0} d_{q}x \biggr]= \biggl[\frac {4}{7}, \frac{24}{7} \biggr],\end{gathered} $$

and

$$\frac{q F(s)+F(t)}{1+q}= \biggl[\frac{2}{3},\frac{10}{3} \biggr]. $$

Since

$$\biggl[\frac{4}{9},\frac{32}{9} \biggr] \supseteq \biggl[ \frac{4}{7},\frac {24}{7} \biggr] \supseteq \biggl[ \frac{2}{3},\frac{10}{3} \biggr], $$

Theorem 5.3 is verified.

Since $\ell(F(x))=-2x^{2}+4$, it follows that F is ℓ-decreasing on $[0,1]$. Then by Theorem 3.5 we obtain that ${}_{s}D_{q}F= [-(1+q)x,(1+q)x]$ and

$$\begin{gathered} F \biggl(\frac{s+q t}{1+q} \biggr)+\frac{(1-q)(t-s)}{1+q} {}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac{s+q t}{1+q} \biggr) =F \biggl(\frac{1}{3} \biggr)+\frac{1}{3}{}_{0}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac {1}{3} \biggr) = \biggl[-\frac{1}{18}, \frac{73}{18} \biggr], \\ F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr)+\frac{(1-q)(t-s)}{2(1+q)} {}_{s}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac{s+t}{2} \biggr) =F \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)+\frac{1}{6}{}_{0}D_{q}F \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr) = \biggl[\frac{1}{8}, \frac{31}{8} \biggr].\end{gathered} $$

Since

$$\biggl[-\frac{1}{18},\frac{73}{18} \biggr] \supseteq \biggl[ \frac {4}{7},\frac{24}{7} \biggr] \supseteq \biggl[ \frac{2}{3},\frac{10}{3} \biggr] $$

and

$$\biggl[\frac{1}{8},\frac{31}{8} \biggr] \supseteq \biggl[ \frac{4}{7},\frac {24}{7} \biggr] \supseteq \biggl[ \frac{2}{3},\frac{10}{3} \biggr], $$

Theorems 5.4 and 5.5 are verified.

6 Conclusions

In this work, we introduced the concepts of Iq-derivative and Iq-integral and discussed some basic their properties. Furthermore, we established some new Iq-Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities. In the field of quantum calculus and time-scale calculus, our results are more applicable than ever. In the future, we intend to study some applications in interval optimizations by using Iq-calculus. Meanwhile, we may apply Iq-calculus to other fields, such as the integral inequalities and fractional calculus.