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Theory and Modern Applications

Modeling and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 with stochastic and deterministic approaches: Africa and Europe

Abstract

Using the existing collected data from European and African countries, we present a statistical analysis of forecast of the future number of daily deaths and infections up to 10 September 2020. We presented numerous statistical analyses of collected data from both continents using numerous existing statistical theories. Our predictions show the possibility of the second wave of spread in Europe in the worse scenario and an exponential growth in the number of infections in Africa. The projection of statistical analysis leads us to introducing an extended version of the well-blancmange function to further capture the spread with fractal properties. A mathematical model depicting the spread with nine sub-classes is considered, first converted to a stochastic system, where the existence and uniqueness are presented. Then the model is extended to the concept of nonlocal operators; due to nonlinearity, a modified numerical scheme is suggested and used to present numerical simulations. The suggested mathematical model is able to predict two to three waves of the spread in the near future.

1 Introduction

Interdisciplinary research is the way forward for mankind to be in control of its environment. Of course they will not be able to have total control since the nature within which they live is full of uncertainties, many complex phenomena that have not been yet understood with the current collections of knowledge and technology. For example, we cannot explicitly and confidently explain what is happening at the Bermuda Triangle, although many studies have been done around this place, some believe it is a devil’s triangle. There are many other natural occurrences that could not be explained so far with our knowledge. But it has been proven that putting together several concepts from different academic fields could provide better results. COVID-19 is an invisible enemy that left humans with no choice than to put all their efforts from all backgrounds with the aim to protect the survival of their kind. Many souls have been taken, many humans have been infected and some recovered, but still the spread has not yet reached its peak in many countries. While in some countries the curve of daily new infected has nearly reached zero, in others the spread is increasing exponentially. For some statistical analysis, we investigated daily cases of infections and deaths due to the COVID-19 spread that occurred in 54 countries in the European continent and 47 countries in the African continent from the beginning of the outbreak to 15 June 2020. To do this, we used the available data on the website of the World Health Organization (WHO) [1, 2]. Although mathematicians cannot provide vaccine or cure the disease in an infected person, they can use their mathematical tools to foresee what could possibly happen in the near future with some limitations [314]. With the new trend of spread, it is possible that the world will face a second wave of COVID-19 spread, this will be the aim of our work.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we present the definitions of differential and integral operators where singular and nonsingular kernels are used. In Sect. 3, the parameter estimations are presented for the infected and deaths in Africa and Europe using the Box–Jenkins model. In Sect. 4, the simulations for smoothing method for the infected and deaths in Africa and Europe are presented. In Sect. 5, the predictions about the cases of infections and deaths in Africa and Europe are provided. In Sect. 6, we give an analysis of COVID-19 spread based on fractal interpolation and fractal dimension. In Sect. 7, existence and uniqueness for a mathematical model with stochastic component are investigated. Also the numerical simulations for such a model are depicted. In Sect. 8, we present a modified scheme based on the Newton polynomial. In Sect. 9, we provide numerical solutions for the suggested COVID-19 model with different differential operators.

2 Differential and integral operators

In this section, we present some definitions of differential and integral operators with singular and nonsingular kernels. The fractional derivatives with power-law, exponential decay, and Mittag-Leffler kernel are given as follows:

Definition 1

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{C}D_{t}^{\alpha }f ( t ) = \frac{1}{\Gamma ( 1-\alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t}\frac{d}{d\tau }f ( \tau ) ( t-\tau ) ^{-\alpha }\,d\tau , \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }f ( t ) = \frac{M ( \alpha ) }{1-\alpha } \int _{0}^{t}\frac{d}{d\tau }f ( \tau ) \exp \biggl[ -\frac{\alpha }{1-\alpha } ( t-\tau ) \biggr]\,d\tau , \\& {}_{0}^{ABC}D_{t}^{\alpha }f ( t ) = \frac{AB ( \alpha ) }{1-\alpha } \int _{0}^{t}\frac{d}{d\tau }f ( \tau ) E_{ \alpha } \biggl[ -\frac{\alpha }{1-\alpha } ( t-\tau ) ^{ \alpha } \biggr] \,d \tau . \end{aligned}$$
(1)

The fractional integrals with power-law, exponential decay, and Mittag-Leffler kernel are given as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{C}J_{t}^{\alpha }f ( t ) = \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t} ( t-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}f ( \tau ) \,d \tau , \\& {}_{0}^{CF}J_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }f ( t ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }f ( t ) + \frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t}f ( \tau )\,d\tau , \\& {}_{0}^{AB}J_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }f ( t ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }f ( t ) + \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t} ( t-\tau ) ^{ \alpha -1}f ( \tau ) \,d \tau . \end{aligned}$$
(2)

The fractal-fractional derivatives with power-law kernel, exponential decay, and Mittag-Leffler kernel are given as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFP}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }f ( t ) = \frac{1}{\Gamma ( 1-\alpha ) }\frac{d}{dt^{\beta }} \int _{0}^{t}f ( \tau ) ( t-\tau ) ^{-\alpha }\,d \tau , \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }f ( t ) = \frac{M ( \alpha ) }{1-\alpha } \frac{d}{dt^{\beta }} \int _{0}^{t}f ( \tau ) \exp \biggl[ - \frac{\alpha }{1-\alpha } ( t-\tau ) \biggr]\,d\tau , \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }f ( t ) = \frac{AB ( \alpha ) }{1-\alpha } \frac{d}{dt^{\beta }} \int _{0}^{t}f ( \tau ) E_{\alpha } \biggl[ - \frac{\alpha }{1-\alpha } ( t-\tau ) ^{\alpha } \biggr]\,d\tau , \end{aligned}$$
(3)

where

$$ \frac{df ( t ) }{dt^{\beta }}=\lim_{t\rightarrow t_{1}} \frac{f ( t ) -f ( t_{1} ) }{t^{2-\beta }-t_{1}^{2-\beta }} ( 2-\beta ) . $$
(4)

The fractal-fractional integrals with power-law, exponential decay, and Mittag-Leffler kernel are as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFP}J_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }f ( t ) = \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t} ( t-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1} \tau ^{1-\beta }f ( \tau )\,d\tau , \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}J_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }f ( t ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }t^{1-\beta }f ( t ) + \frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t}\tau ^{1-\beta }f ( \tau )\,d\tau , \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}J_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }f ( t ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }t^{1-\beta }f ( t ) + \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t} ( t-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\tau ^{1-\beta }f ( \tau )\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(5)

3 Box–Jenkin’s model development

Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) approach suggested by Box and Jenkins is one of the most powerful techniques used in time series analysis. The ARIMA model is composed of three parts. First, the autoregressive part is a linear regression which has a relation between past values and future values of data series; second, the integrated part expresses how many times the data series has to be differenced to obtain a stationary series; and the last one is the moving average part which has a relation between past forecast errors and future values of data series [14]. These processes can be presented by the models \(\operatorname{AR} ( p ) \), \(\operatorname{MA} ( q ) \), \(\operatorname{ARMA} ( p,q ) \), and \(\operatorname{ARIMA} ( p,d,q ) \). We should decide which model we will choose for our data series. To do this, partial autocorrelation (PACF) and the autocorrelation (ACF) are helpful to obtain parameters for the AR model and the MA model, respectively.

Figures 1 and 2 depict graphs of autocorrelation functions for the infected and deaths in Africa and Europe.

Figure 1
figure 1

Autocorrelation function for the infected and deaths in Africa

Figure 2
figure 2

Autocorrelation function for the infected and deaths in Europe

Now we introduce these models. Let \(Y_{t}\) be the value of the time series at time t. Time series as a p-order autoregressive process is as follows:

$$ Y_{t}=\delta +\varphi _{1}Y_{t-1}+\varphi _{2}Y_{t-2}+\cdots+\varphi _{p}Y_{t-p}+ \varepsilon _{t}, $$
(6)

which is shown as \(\operatorname{AR} ( p ) \). Here, δ and \(\varepsilon _{t} \) describe constant and error terms, respectively. Time series as a qth degree of moving average process is given by

$$ Y_{t}=\mu +\varepsilon _{t}+\theta _{1} \varepsilon _{t-1}+\theta _{2} \varepsilon _{t-2}+ \cdots+\theta _{q}\varepsilon _{t-q}, $$
(7)

which is shown as \(\operatorname{MA} ( q ) \). The \(\operatorname{ARMA} ( p,q ) \) expression is obtained as a combination of \(\operatorname{AR} ( p ) \) and \(\operatorname{MA} ( q ) \) equations:

$$ Y_{t}=\delta +\varphi _{1}Y_{t-1}+\varphi _{2}Y_{t-2}+\cdots+\varphi _{p}Y_{t-p}+ \varepsilon _{t}+\theta _{1}\varepsilon _{t-1}+ \theta _{2} \varepsilon _{t-2}+\cdots+\theta _{q} \varepsilon _{t-q}. $$
(8)

When the time series is not stationary, we take the difference d times to make it stationary. The \(\operatorname{ARIMA} ( p,q ) \) model is given by

$$ \bigl( 1-\varphi _{1}l-\varphi _{2}l^{2}- \cdots-\varphi _{p}l^{p} \bigr) \Delta ^{d}Y_{t}= \delta +\varepsilon _{t}+\theta _{1} \varepsilon _{t-1}+\theta _{2}\varepsilon _{t-2}+\cdots+\theta _{q} \varepsilon _{t-q}. $$
(9)

In the ARIMA technique, the model performance can be measured by using some criteria, for instance, Akaike information criteria(AIC), Bayesian information criteria(BIC). Here, we benefit from the Akaike information criteria given as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& AIC =-2\log ( l ) +2k, \\& BIC =-2\log ( l ) +k\ln n, \end{aligned}$$
(10)

where l states likelihood of the data, n is the number of data points, and k also defines the intercept of the ARIMA model. The numerical simulation are depicted in Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Figure 3
figure 3

ARIMA model for the infected in Africa

Figure 4
figure 4

AR model for deaths in Africa

Figure 5
figure 5

ARIMA model for the infected in Europe

Figure 6
figure 6

AR model for deaths in Europe

According to data series for the infected in Africa, we use the \(\operatorname{ARIMA} ( 2,1,0 ) \) model which is given by

$$ \bigl( 1-\varphi _{1}l-\varphi _{2}l^{2} \bigr) ( 1-l ) Y_{t}=c+ \varepsilon _{t}. $$
(11)

Here,

$$\begin{aligned}& AIC =1670.1734, \\& BIC =1680.9388. \end{aligned}$$
(12)

In Table 1, we give parameter estimation for infections in Africa.

Table 1 Model estimation for infections in Africa

According to data series for deaths in Africa, we use the \(\operatorname{AR} ( 1 ) \) model which is given by

$$ ( 1-\varphi _{1}l ) Y_{t}=c+\varepsilon _{t}. $$
(13)

Here,

$$\begin{aligned}& AIC =1056.6482, \\& BIC =1064.7768. \end{aligned}$$
(14)

In Table 2, we give parameter estimation for deaths in Africa.

Table 2 Model estimation for deaths in Africa

According to data series for the infected in Europe, we use the \(\operatorname{ARIMA} ( 2,1,1 ) \) model which is given by

$$ \bigl( 1-\varphi _{1}l-\varphi _{2}l^{2} \bigr) ( 1-l ) Y_{t}=c+ ( 1+\theta _{1}l ) \varepsilon _{t}. $$
(15)

Here,

$$\begin{aligned}& AIC =2690.5358, \\& BIC =2705.2796. \end{aligned}$$
(16)

In Table 3, we give parameter estimation for the infected in Europe.

Table 3 Model estimation for the infected in Europe

According to data series for deaths in Europe, we use the \(\operatorname{AR} ( 1 ) \) model which is given by

$$ ( 1-\varphi _{1}l ) Y_{t}=c+\varepsilon _{t}. $$
(17)

Here,

$$\begin{aligned}& AIC =1670.1734, \\& BIC =1680.9388. \end{aligned}$$
(18)

In Table 4, we give parameter estimation for deaths in Europe.

Table 4 Model estimation for deaths in Europe

4 Brown’s exponential smoothing method

Brown’s linear exponential smoothing is one type of double exponential smoothing based on two different smoothed series. The formula is composed of an extrapolation of a line through the two centers. The Brown exponential smoothing method is helpful to model the time series having trend but no seasonality.

For non-adaptive Brown exponential smoothing, the procedure can be described as follows.

Firstly, we start with the following initialization:

  1. 1)

    \(S_{0}=u_{0}\),

  2. 2)

    \(T_{0}=u_{0}\),

  3. 3)

    \(a_{0}=2S_{0}-T_{0}\),

  4. 4)

    \(F_{1}=a_{0}+b_{0}\).

Then we have the following calculations:

  1. 1)

    \(S_{t}=\alpha u_{t}+ ( 1-\alpha ) S_{t-1}\),

  2. 2)

    \(T_{t}=\alpha S_{t}+ ( 1-\alpha ) T_{t-1}\),

  3. 3)

    \(a_{t}=2S_{t}+T_{t}63\),

  4. 4)

    \(\alpha ( S_{t}-T_{t} ) = ( 1-\alpha ) b_{t}\),

  5. 5)

    \(F_{t+1}=a_{t}+b_{t}\),

where \(0<\alpha <1\) is the smoothing factor. \(S_{t}\) and \(T_{t}\) are the simply smoothed value and doubly smoothed value for the \(( t+1 ) \)th time period, respectively. Also \(a_{t}\) and \(b_{t}\) describe the intercept and the slope, respectively.

In Figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10, we present the simulation for smoothing method for the infected and deaths in Africa and Europe where the smoothing factor was chosen as \(\alpha =0.99\).

Figure 7
figure 7

Exponential smoothing for the infected in Africa

Figure 8
figure 8

Exponential smoothing for deaths in Africa

Figure 9
figure 9

Exponential smoothing for the infected in Europe

Figure 10
figure 10

Exponential smoothing for deaths in Europe

5 Future prediction of daily new numbers of the infected and deaths: Africa and Europe

With the collected data using some statistical formula, it is possible to predict what will possibly happen in the near future. Having in mind what could possibly happen, several measures could be taken to avoid the worst case scenario. In this section, with the data collected for 101 countries from Africa (47) and Europe (54), we aim at presenting possible scenarios or events that could be observed in the near future, the daily numbers of deaths and infections. Numerical simulation are presented in Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14.

Figure 11
figure 11

Prediction for the infected in Africa using Forecast Sheet

Figure 12
figure 12

Prediction for deaths in Africa using Forecast Sheet

Figure 13
figure 13

Prediction for the infected in Europe using Forecast Sheet

Figure 14
figure 14

Prediction for deaths in Europe using Forecast Sheet

In Figs. 15, 16, 17, and 18, we present fitting with smoothing spline for the infected and deaths in Africa and Europe.

Figure 15
figure 15

Fitting for the infected in Africa

Figure 16
figure 16

Fitting for deaths in Africa

Figure 17
figure 17

Fitting for the infected in Europe

Figure 18
figure 18

Fitting for deaths in Europe

6 An analysis of COVID-19 spread based on fractal interpolation and fractal dimension

In this section, we present some information about fractal dimension, interpolation, and blancmange curve.

6.1 Fractal dimension

Fractal dimensions enable us to compare fractals. Fractal dimensions are important because they can be defined in connection with real-world data, and they can be measured approximately by means of experiments. These numbers allow us to compare sets in the real world with the laboratory fractals.

Theorem

(The box counting theorem)

Let \(N_{n} ( A ) \) be the number of boxes of side length \(( 1/2^{n} ) \). Then the fractal dimension D of A is given as [15]

$$ D=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty } \biggl\{ \frac{\ln [ N_{n} ( A ) ] }{\ln ( 2^{n} ) } \biggr\} . $$
(19)

6.2 Fractal interpolation

Euclidean geometry and calculus enable us to model using some lines and curves, the shapes that we encounter in the nature [15, 16]. In this section, we present an interpolation function which interpolates the data.

Definition 2

An interpolation function \(f: [ x_{0},x_{N} ] \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) corresponding to the set of data \(\{ ( x_{i},F_{i} ) \in \mathbb{R} ^{2}:i=0,1,2,\ldots,N \} \) [15]

$$ f ( x_{i} ) =F_{i}\quad \text{for }i=1,2,\ldots,N, $$
(20)

where \(x_{0}< x_{1}< x_{2}\cdots< x_{N}\).

Let \(f: [ x_{0},x_{N} ] \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) denote the unique continuous function which is called a piecewise linear interpolation function. Also this function is linear on each of the subintervals \([ x_{i-1},x_{i} ] \), and it is represented by

$$ f ( x ) =F_{i-1}+ \frac{ ( x-x_{i-1} ) }{ ( x_{i}-x_{i-1} ) } ( F_{i}-F_{i-1} )\quad \text{for }x\in [ x_{i-1},x_{i} ] ,i=1,2,\ldots,N. $$
(21)

We have the following transformation, which is iterated:

f n ( x y ) = ( t n 0 u n y n ) ( x y ) + ( v n w n ) .
(22)

When solving this system for \(t_{n}\), \(u_{n}\), \(v_{n}\), and \(w_{n}\) in terms of the data and \(y_{n}\), we obtain the following:

$$\begin{aligned}& t_{n} =\frac{x_{n}-x_{n-1}}{x_{N}-x_{0}}, \\& u_{n} =\frac{F_{n}-F_{n-1}}{x_{N}-x_{0}}-y_{n} \frac{F_{n}-F_{0}}{x_{N}-x_{0}}, \\& v_{n} =\frac{x_{N}x_{n-1}-x_{0}x_{n}}{x_{N}-x_{0}}, \\& w_{n} =\frac{x_{N}F_{n-1}-x_{0}F_{n}}{x_{N}-x_{0}}-y_{n} \frac{x_{N}F_{0}-x_{0}F_{n}}{x_{N}-x_{0}}, \end{aligned}$$
(23)

where \(0\leq y_{n}<1\) is called the scaling factor [15].

6.3 Blancmange curve

The blancmange function can be given as an example of fractal interpolation function, and this function is defined by

$$ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{S ( 2^{n}x ) }{2^{n}},\quad x \in [ 0,1 ], $$
(24)

where \(S ( x ) =\min_{m\in \mathbb{Z} } \vert x-m \vert \), \(x\in \mathbb{R} \).

However, many problems cannot be depicted when \(c=2\) [16]. Then we discuss the limitations of this blancmange; for example, t can only go from 0 to 1, the periodic parameter is 2. Therefore, we change 2 to c, where c is a real number from 1 to a. Therefore, in this section, we extend the blancmange function to a large interval also with any given periodic parameter. So, we have the following formula:

$$ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{S ( c^{n}x ) }{c^{n}},\quad x \in [ 0,a ], $$
(25)

where c is the real number. We now present the extended blancmange function for different periodic parameters and different w.

The simulation are presented in Figs. 19, 20, 21, and 18.

Figure 19
figure 19

Blancmange function \(c = 2\)

Figure 20
figure 20

Blancmange function \(c = 3.7\)

Figure 21
figure 21

Blancmange function \(c = 1.3\)

7 Mathematical model for COVID-19 outbreak

We consider the following mathematical model of COVID-19 spread:

$$\begin{aligned}& \overset{\cdot }{S } =\Lambda - \bigl\{ \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+ \delta _{2}I_{T} ) +\gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) \bigr\} S, \\& \overset{\cdot }{I} =\delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+ \gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) \bigr) S- ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) I, \\& \overset{\cdot }{I_{A}} =\xi I- ( \theta +\mu +\chi + \mu _{1} ) I_{A}, \\& \overset{\cdot }{I_{D} } =\varepsilon I- ( \eta + \varphi +\mu _{1} ) I_{D}, \\& \overset{\cdot }{I_{R} } =\eta I_{D}+\theta I_{A}- ( v+ \xi +\mu _{1} ) I_{R}, \\& \overset{\cdot }{I_{T}} =\mu I_{A}+vI_{R}- ( \sigma + \tau +\mu _{1} ) I_{T}, \\& \overset{\cdot }{R} = \lambda I+\varphi I_{D}+\chi I_{A}+ \xi I_{R}+\sigma I_{T}- ( \Phi +\mu _{1} ) R, \\& \overset{\cdot }{D} =\tau I_{T}, \\& \overset{\cdot }{V} =\gamma _{1}S+\Phi R-\mu _{1}V. \end{aligned}$$
(26)

The above model was suggested by Atangana and Seda, the model has a deterministic character. In this section, we convert the model to a stochastic one by introducing the effect of environmental white noise. To achieve this, we reformulate the model by adding the nonlinear perturbation into each equation of the system. The perturbation may depend on square of the classes S, I, \(I_{A}\), \(I_{D}\), \(I_{R}\), \(I_{T}\), R, D, and V respectively. Here, we perturb only the rate of each class. However, for the vaccine class, it will be perturbed by a natural death rate.

$$\begin{aligned}& \text{For the class }S ( t ) : \quad -\gamma _{1} \rightarrow -\gamma _{1}+ ( \Pi _{11}S+\Pi _{12} ) \overset{\cdot }{B}_{1} ( t ) , \\& \text{For the class }I ( t ) : \quad -\lambda \rightarrow -\lambda + ( \Pi _{21}I+\Pi _{22} )\overset{\cdot }{B}_{2} ( t ) , \\& \text{For the class }I_{A} ( t ) :\quad -\theta \rightarrow -\theta + ( \Pi _{31}I_{A}+\Pi _{32} ) \overset{\cdot }{B}_{3} ( t ) , \\& \text{For the class }I_{D} ( t ) : \quad -\eta \rightarrow -\eta + ( \Pi _{41}I_{D}+\Pi _{42} )\overset{\cdot }{B}_{4} ( t ), \\& \text{For the class }I_{R} ( t ) : \quad -v\rightarrow -v+ ( \Pi _{51}I_{R}+\Pi _{52} )\overset{\cdot }{B}_{5} ( t ), \\& \text{For the class }I_{T} ( t ) :\quad -\sigma \rightarrow -\sigma + ( \Pi _{61}I_{T}+\Pi _{62} )\overset{\cdot }{B}_{6} ( t ), \\& \text{For the class }R ( t ) : \quad -\Phi \rightarrow - \Phi + ( \Pi _{71}R+\Pi _{72} )\overset{\cdot }{B}_{7} ( t ), \\& \text{For the class }D ( t ) : \quad \tau \rightarrow \tau \text{ no change}, \\& \text{For the class }V ( t ) : \quad -\mu _{1} \rightarrow -\mu _{1}+ ( \Pi _{81}V+\Pi _{82} )\overset{\cdot }{B}_{8} ( t ) . \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, the associated stochastic model is given as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} dS = {}& \bigl[ \Lambda - \bigl\{ \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+ \delta _{2}I_{T} ) +\gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) \bigr\} S \bigr]\,dt \\ &{}+ ( \Pi _{11}S+\Pi _{12} ) S\,dB_{1} ( t ), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} dI = {}& \bigl[ \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+ \delta _{2}I_{T} ) \bigr) S- ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda + \mu _{1} ) I \bigr]\,dt \\ &{}+ ( \Pi _{21}I+\Pi _{22} ) I\,dB_{2} ( t ), \end{aligned} \\& dI_{A} = \bigl[ \xi I- ( \theta +\mu +\chi +\mu _{1} ) I_{A} \bigr]\,dt+ ( \Pi _{31}I_{A}+\Pi _{32} ) I_{A}\,dB_{3} ( t ), \\& dI_{D} = \bigl[ \varepsilon I- ( \eta +\varphi +\mu _{1} ) I_{D} \bigr]\,dt+ ( \Pi _{41}I_{D}+ \Pi _{42} ) I_{D}\,dB_{4} ( t ), \\& dI_{R} = \bigl[ \eta I_{D}+\theta I_{A}- ( v+\xi +\mu _{1} ) I_{R} \bigr]\,dt+ ( \Pi _{51}I_{R}+\Pi _{52} ) I_{D} \,dB_{5} ( t ), \\& dI_{T} = \bigl[ \mu I_{A}+vI_{R}- ( \sigma + \tau +\mu _{1} ) I_{T} \bigr]\,dt+ ( \Pi _{61}I_{T}+\Pi _{62} ) I_{T} \,dB_{6} ( t ), \\& dR = \bigl[ \lambda I+\varphi I_{D}+\chi I_{A}+\xi I_{R}+\sigma I_{T}- ( \Phi +\mu _{1} ) R \bigr]\,dt+ ( \Pi _{71}R+\Pi _{72} ) R\,dB_{7} ( t ), \\& dV = [ \gamma _{1}S+\Phi R-\mu _{1}V ]\,dt++ ( \Pi _{71}V+\Pi _{72} ) V\,dB_{8} ( t ) . \end{aligned}$$
(27)

In this conversion, the function \(B_{i} ( t ) \) represents the standard Brownian motions valid within the set of probability \(( \Omega ,A, \{ A_{t} \} _{t\geq 0},P ) \), where \(\{ A_{t} \} _{t\geq 0}\) is filtration valid under the condition described in [17]. Here, \(\Pi _{i,j\in [ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ] }\) are positive and are the intensities of the environmental random disturbance.

7.1 Existence and uniqueness

In this subsection, we present the existence and uniqueness of the system solutions of the stochastic model. To achieve the existence and uniqueness, we convert the system into Volterra type. But first we do the following for simplicity:

$$\begin{aligned}& dS = F_{1} ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,V )\,dt+G_{1} ( t,S )\,dB_{1} ( t ), \\& dI = F_{2} ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,V )\,dt+G_{2} ( t,I )\,dB_{2} ( t ), \\& dI_{A} = F_{3} ( t,I,I_{A} ) \,dt+G_{3} ( t,I_{A} )\,dB_{3} ( t ), \\& dI_{D} = F_{4} ( t,I,I_{D}, ) \,dt+G_{4} ( t,I_{D} )\,dB_{4} ( t ), \\& dI_{R} = F_{5} ( t,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R} )\,dt+G_{5} ( t,I_{R} )\,dB_{5} ( t ), \\& dI_{T} = F_{6} ( t,I_{A},I_{R},I_{T} )\,dt+G_{6} ( t,I_{T} )\,dB_{6} ( t ), \\& dR = F_{7} ( t,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R )\,dt+G_{7} ( t,R )\,dB_{7} ( t ), \\& dV = F_{8} ( t,S,R,V )\,dt+G_{8} ( t,V ) \,dB_{8} ( t ) . \end{aligned}$$
(28)

Therefore, converting to Volterra, we get

$$\begin{aligned}& S ( t ) = S ( 0 ) + \int _{0}^{t}F_{1} ( \tau ,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,V )\,d\tau + \int _{0}^{t}G_{1} ( \tau ,S ) \,dB_{1} ( \tau ), \\& I ( t ) = I ( 0 ) + \int _{0}^{t}F_{2} ( \tau ,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,V )\,d\tau + \int _{0}^{t}G_{2} ( \tau ,I ) \,dB_{2} ( \tau ), \\& I_{A} ( t ) = I_{A} ( 0 ) + \int _{0}^{t}F_{3} ( \tau ,I,I_{A} )\,d\tau + \int _{0}^{t}G_{3} ( \tau ,I_{A} )\,dB_{3} ( \tau ), \\& I_{D} ( t ) = I_{D} ( 0 ) + \int _{0}^{t}F_{4} ( \tau ,I,I_{D} )\,d\tau + \int _{0}^{t}G_{4} ( \tau ,I_{D} )\,dB_{4} ( \tau ), \\& I_{R} ( t ) = I_{R} ( 0 ) + \int _{0}^{t}F_{5} ( \tau ,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R} )\,d\tau + \int _{0}^{t}G_{5} ( \tau ,I_{R} )\,dB_{5} ( \tau ), \\& I_{T} ( t ) = I_{T} ( 0 ) + \int _{0}^{t}F_{6} ( \tau ,I_{A},I_{R},I_{T} )\,d\tau + \int _{0}^{t}G_{6} ( \tau ,I_{T} )\,dB_{6} ( \tau ), \\& R ( t ) = R ( 0 ) + \int _{0}^{t}F_{7} ( \tau ,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R ) \,d \tau + \int _{0}^{t}G_{7} ( \tau ,R ) \,dB_{7} ( \tau ), \\& V ( t ) = V ( 0 ) + \int _{0}^{t}F_{8} ( \tau ,S,R,V )\,d\tau + \int _{0}^{t}G_{8} ( \tau ,S ) \,dB_{8} ( \tau ) . \end{aligned}$$
(29)

We present the existence and uniqueness of the stochastic system of COVID-19 model. This will be achieved via the following theorem.

Theorem

Assume that there exist positive constants \(K_{i}\), \(\overline{K}_{i}\) such that

  1. (i)
    $$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert F_{i} ( x,t ) -F_{i} ( x_{i},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} < K_{i} \vert x-x_{i} \vert ^{2}, \\& \bigl\vert G_{i} ( x,t ) -G_{i} ( x_{i},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} < \overline{K}_{i} \vert x-x_{i} \vert ^{2} \end{aligned}$$
    (30)
  2. (ii)

    \(\forall ( x,t ) \in R^{8}\times [ 0,T ] \)

    $$ \bigl\vert F_{i} ( x,t ) \bigr\vert ^{2}, \bigl\vert G_{i} ( x,t ) \bigr\vert ^{2}< K \bigl( 1+ \vert x \vert ^{2} \bigr) . $$
    (31)

Then there exists a unique solution \(X ( t ) \in R^{8}\) for our model and it belongs to \(M^{2} ( [ 0,T ] , R^{8} ) \).

The proof can be found in [17], but we have to verify (i) and (ii) for our system. Without loss of generality, we start our investigation with functions \(F_{1} ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,V ) \) and \(G_{1} ( t,S ) \). For the function F, the proof will be performed for \(( t,S ) \). Thus

$$ \bigl\vert F_{1} ( t,S ) -F_{1} ( t,S_{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2}= \bigl\vert \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+ \delta _{2}I_{T} ) +\gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) ( S-S_{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2}. $$
(32)

We define the following norm:

$$ \Vert \varphi \Vert _{\infty }=\sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \vert \varphi \vert ^{2}, $$
(33)

then

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{1} ( S,t ) -F_{1} ( S_{1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \leq &\sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+ \gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) \bigr) ( S-S_{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ \leq & \bigl\Vert \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+ \gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{\infty }^{2} \vert S-S_{1} \vert ^{2} \\ \leq &K_{1} \vert S-S_{1} \vert ^{2} \end{aligned}$$
(34)

and

| G 1 ( S , t ) G 1 ( S 1 , t ) | 2 = | ( Π 11 S + Π 12 ) S ( Π 11 S 1 + Π 12 ) S 1 | 2 = | Π 11 ( S 2 S 1 2 ) Π 12 ( S S 1 ) | 2 = ( Π 11 ( S + S 1 ) + Π 12 ) 2 | S S 1 | 2 = ( Π 11 2 ( S + S 1 ) 2 + 2 Π 11 Π 12 ( S + S 1 ) + Π 12 2 ) | S S 1 | 2 = ( Π 11 2 ( S 2 + 2 S S 1 + S 1 2 ) + 2 Π 11 Π 12 ( S + S 1 ) + Π 12 2 ) | S S 1 | 2 { Π 11 2 ( sup t [ 0 , T ] | S 2 ( t ) | + 2 sup t [ 0 , T ] | S ( t ) | sup t [ 0 , T ] | S 1 ( t ) | + sup t [ 0 , T ] | S 1 2 ( t ) | ) + 2 Π 11 Π 12 ( sup t [ 0 , T ] | S ( t ) | + sup t [ 0 , T ] | S 1 ( t ) | ) + Π 12 2 } × | S S 1 | 2 { Π 11 2 ( S 2 + 2 S S 1 + S 1 2 ) + 2 Π 11 Π 12 S S 1 + Π 12 2 } | S S 1 | 2 K 1 | S S 1 | 2 ,
(35)

where

$$\begin{aligned} \overline{K}_{1} =&\Pi _{11}^{2} \bigl( \bigl\Vert S^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }+2 \Vert S \Vert _{\infty } \Vert S_{1} \Vert _{\infty }+ \bigl\Vert S_{1}^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty } \bigr) +2\Pi _{11}\Pi _{12} \Vert S \Vert _{\infty } \Vert S_{1} \Vert _{\infty }+\Pi _{12}^{2} \\ =&\Pi _{11}^{2} \bigl( \Vert S \Vert _{\infty }+ \Vert S_{1} \Vert _{\infty } \bigr) ^{2}+2\Pi _{11}\Pi _{12} \Vert S \Vert _{\infty } \Vert S_{1} \Vert _{ \infty }+\Pi _{12}^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(36)

Similarly,

$$\begin{aligned}& \overline{K}_{2} = \Pi _{21}^{2} \bigl( \Vert I \Vert _{ \infty }+ \Vert I_{1} \Vert _{\infty } \bigr) ^{2}+2\Pi _{21} \Pi _{22} \Vert I \Vert _{\infty } \Vert I_{1} \Vert _{\infty }+\Pi _{22}^{2}, \\ & \overline{K}_{3} = \Pi _{31}^{2} \bigl( \Vert I_{A} \Vert _{\infty }+ \Vert I_{A1} \Vert _{\infty } \bigr) ^{2}+2 \Pi _{31}\Pi _{32} \Vert I_{A} \Vert _{\infty } \Vert I_{A1} \Vert _{\infty }+\Pi _{32}^{2}, \\ & \overline{K}_{4} = \Pi _{41}^{2} \bigl( \Vert I_{D} \Vert _{\infty }+ \Vert I_{D1} \Vert _{\infty } \bigr) ^{2}+2 \Pi _{41}\Pi _{42} \Vert I_{D} \Vert _{\infty } \Vert I_{D1} \Vert _{\infty }+\Pi _{42}^{2}, \\ & \overline{K}_{5} = \Pi _{51}^{2} \bigl( \Vert I_{R} \Vert _{\infty }+ \Vert I_{R1} \Vert _{\infty } \bigr) ^{2}+2 \Pi _{51}\Pi _{52} \Vert I_{R} \Vert _{\infty } \Vert I_{R1} \Vert _{\infty }+\Pi _{52}^{2}, \\ & \overline{K}_{6} = \Pi _{61}^{2} \bigl( \Vert I_{T} \Vert _{\infty }+ \Vert I_{T1} \Vert _{\infty } \bigr) ^{2}+2 \Pi _{61}\Pi _{62} \Vert I_{T} \Vert _{\infty } \Vert I_{T1} \Vert _{\infty }+\Pi _{62}^{2}, \\ & \overline{K}_{7} = \Pi _{71}^{2} \bigl( \Vert R \Vert _{ \infty }+ \Vert R_{1} \Vert _{\infty } \bigr) ^{2}+2\Pi _{71} \Pi _{72} \Vert R \Vert _{\infty } \Vert R_{1} \Vert _{\infty }+\Pi _{72}^{2}, \\ & \overline{K}_{8} = \Pi _{81}^{2} \bigl( \Vert V \Vert _{ \infty }+ \Vert V_{1} \Vert _{\infty } \bigr) ^{2}+2\Pi _{81} \Pi _{82} \Vert V \Vert _{\infty } \Vert V_{1} \Vert _{\infty }+\Pi _{82}^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(37)

Also

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{2} ( I,t ) -F_{2} ( I_{1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} =& \bigl\vert \delta ( t ) \alpha ( I-I_{1} ) - ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) ( I-I_{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ =& \bigl\vert \bigl( \delta ( t ) \alpha - ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) \bigr) ( I-I_{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ \leq &\sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \bigl( \delta ( t ) \alpha - ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) \bigr) \bigr\vert ^{2} \vert I-I_{1} \vert ^{2} \\ \leq & \bigl\Vert \delta ( t ) \bigr\Vert _{ \infty } \big\vert \alpha - ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \vert I-I_{1} \vert ^{2} \\ \leq &K_{2} \vert I-I_{1} \vert ^{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(38)

where

$$ K_{2}= \bigl\Vert \delta ( t ) \bigr\Vert _{ \infty } \big\vert \alpha - ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2}. $$
(39)

Also

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{3} ( I_{A},t ) -F_{3} ( I_{A1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} =& \bigl\vert - ( \theta + \mu +\chi + \mu _{1} ) ( I_{A}-I_{A1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ \leq &2 \bigl\vert ( \theta +\mu +\chi +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \vert I_{A}-I_{A1} \vert ^{2} \\ \leq &K_{3} \vert I_{A}-I_{A1} \vert ^{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(40)

where

$$ K_{3}=2 \bigl\vert ( \theta +\mu +\chi +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2}. $$
(41)

Similarly, we evaluate

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \bigl\vert F_{4} ( I_{D},t ) -F_{4} ( I_{D1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} ={}& \vert \eta +\varphi +\mu _{1} \vert ^{2} \vert I_{D}-I_{D1} \vert ^{2} \\ \leq {}&K_{4} \vert I_{D}-I_{D1} \vert ^{2}, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{5} ( I_{R},t ) -F_{5} ( I_{R1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &= \vert v+\xi +\mu _{1} \vert ^{2} \vert I_{R}-I_{R1} \vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K_{5} \vert I_{R}-I_{R1} \vert ^{2}, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{6} ( I_{T},t ) -F_{6} ( I_{T1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &= \vert \sigma +\tau +\mu _{1} \vert ^{2} \vert I_{T}-I_{T1} \vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K_{6} \vert I_{T}-I_{T1} \vert , \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{7} ( R,t ) -F_{7} ( R_{1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &= \vert \Phi +\mu _{1} \vert ^{2} \vert R-R_{1} \vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K_{7} \vert R-R_{1} \vert , \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{8} ( V,t ) -F_{8} ( V_{1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &= \vert \mu _{1} \vert ^{2} \vert V-V_{1} \vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K_{8} \vert V-V_{1} \vert ^{2}. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(42)

For both classes \(G_{i}\) and \(F_{i}\), we have verified condition (i). Now we verify the second condition.

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{1} ( S,t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} =& \bigl\vert \Lambda -\delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) + \gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) S \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ \leq & \bigl\vert \Lambda S-\delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+ \delta _{2}I_{T} ) +\gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) S \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ \leq & \vert S \vert ^{2} \bigl\vert \Lambda -\delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+ \delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) + \gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ < & \bigl( \vert S \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \bigl\vert \Lambda - \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+ \gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) +\gamma _{1}+ \mu _{1} \bigr) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ < & \bigl( \vert S \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \bigl\vert \Lambda - \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+ \gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) +\gamma _{1}+ \mu _{1} \bigr) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ < & \bigl( \vert S \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \Lambda -\delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+ \gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+ \delta _{2}I_{T} ) +\gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ < &K^{1} \bigl( \vert S \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
(43)

where

$$ K^{1}=\sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \Lambda -\delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I+w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+ \delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) + \gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) \bigr\vert ^{2}. $$
(44)

Then

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert G_{1} ( S,t ) -G_{1} ( S_{1},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} =& \bigl\vert ( \Pi _{11}S+\Pi _{12} ) S \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ \leq & \bigl\vert \Pi _{11}S^{2}+\Pi _{12}S^{2} \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ \leq & ( \Pi _{11}+\Pi _{12} ) ^{2} \bigl\vert S^{2} \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ \leq & ( \Pi _{11}+\Pi _{12} ) ^{2}\sup _{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert S^{2} \bigr\vert \vert S \vert ^{2} \\ \leq & ( \Pi _{11}+\Pi _{12} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert S^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty } \bigl( \vert S \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \\ \leq &\overline{K}^{1} \bigl( \vert S \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
(45)

where

$$ \overline{K}^{1}= ( \Pi _{11}+\Pi _{12} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert S^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }. $$
(46)

Similarly,

$$\begin{aligned}& \overline{K}^{2} = ( \Pi _{21}+\Pi _{22} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert I^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }, \\& \overline{K}^{3} = ( \Pi _{31}+\Pi _{32} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert I_{A}^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }, \\& \overline{K}^{4} = ( \Pi _{41}+\Pi _{42} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert I_{D}^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }, \\& \overline{K}^{5} = ( \Pi _{51}+\Pi _{52} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert I_{R}^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }, \\& \overline{K}^{6} = ( \Pi _{61}+\Pi _{62} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert I_{T}^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }, \\& \overline{K}^{7} = ( \Pi _{71}+\Pi _{72} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert R^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }, \\& \overline{K}^{8} = ( \Pi _{81}+\Pi _{82} ) ^{2} \bigl\Vert V^{2} \bigr\Vert _{\infty }. \end{aligned}$$
(47)

Also, we have

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{2} ( I,t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &= \bigl\vert \delta ( t ) \bigl( w ( \beta I_{D}+ \gamma I_{A}+ \delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) \bigr) S+\delta ( t ) \alpha IS- ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) I \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq \bigl\vert \delta ( t ) \bigl( w ( \beta I_{D}+ \gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) \bigr) S+ \delta ( t ) \alpha S- ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda + \mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert \vert I \vert ^{2} \\ &< \bigl( \vert S \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \delta ( t ) \bigl( w ( \beta I_{D}+\gamma I_{A}+\delta _{1}I_{R}+\delta _{2}I_{T} ) \bigr) S+\delta ( t ) \alpha S \\ &\quad{} - ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &< K^{2} \bigl( \vert I \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{3} ( I_{A},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &= \bigl\vert \xi I- ( \theta +\mu +\chi +\mu _{1} ) I_{A} \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq \bigl\vert \xi I- ( \theta +\mu +\chi +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \vert I_{A} \vert ^{2} \\ &\leq \bigl( \vert I_{A} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup _{t \in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \xi I- ( \theta +\mu +\chi +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K^{3} \bigl( \vert I_{A} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{4} ( I_{A},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &= \bigl\vert \varepsilon I- ( \eta +\varphi +\mu _{1} ) I_{D} \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq \bigl( \vert I_{D} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup _{t \in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \varepsilon I- ( \eta +\varphi +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K^{4} \bigl( \vert I_{D} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{5} ( I_{R},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &\leq \bigl( \vert I_{R} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \eta I_{D}+\theta I_{A}- ( v+ \xi +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K^{5} \bigl( \vert I_{R} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{6} ( I_{T},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &\leq \bigl( \vert I_{T} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \mu I_{A}+vI_{R}- ( \sigma + \tau +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K^{6} \bigl( \vert I_{T} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{6} ( I_{T},t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &\leq \bigl( \vert I_{T} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \mu I_{A}+vI_{R}- ( \sigma + \tau +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K^{6} \bigl( \vert I_{T} \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{7} ( R,t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} &\leq \bigl( \vert R \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup _{t\in [ 0,T ] } \bigl\vert \lambda I+\varphi I_{D}+\chi I_{A}+\xi I_{R}+ \sigma I_{T}- ( \Phi +\mu _{1} ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\leq K^{7} \bigl( \vert R \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) . \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(48)

Finally, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert F_{8} ( V,t ) \bigr\vert ^{2} \leq & \bigl( \vert V \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) \sup_{t\in [ 0,T ] } \vert \gamma _{1}S+\Phi R-\mu _{1} \vert ^{2} \\ \leq &K^{8} \bigl( \vert V \vert ^{2}+1 \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$

Both \(G_{i}\) and \(F_{i}\) verify the second condition. Therefore, according to the above theorem, the system has a unique system solution.

7.2 Numerical simulation for the stochastic model

Numerical solutions of the suggested stochastic model are presented in Figs. 2225. The numerical solution depicts the future stochastic behavior of the susceptible class, five sub-classes of the infected population, the recovered class, the death class, and the vaccination class. These are depicted in figures below.

Figure 22
figure 22

Stochastic behavior of \({S} ( t )\) and \({I} ( t )\) classes

Figure 23
figure 23

Stochastic behavior of \({I}_{A} ( t )\) and \({I}_{D} ( t )\) classes

Figure 24
figure 24

Stochastic behavior of \({I}_{R} ( t )\) and \(I_{T} ( t ) \) classes

Figure 25
figure 25

Stochastic behavior of \({R} ( t )\) and \({V} ( t )\) classes

8 Atangana–Seda modified scheme

The mathematical model considered in this work has the ability to depict two to three waves of COVID-19 spread. The model is subjected to a system of initial conditions. Additionally, the model is nonlinear, thus it is impossible to obtain exact solutions to the system, thus numerical schemes are needed. We present a numerical scheme based on the Newton polynomial [18]. However, one needs the initial condition and two additional components for the scheme to be implemented. In this section, we present a modified version that will not need the two additional components, and then the scheme will be used later to provide numerical solutions for the suggested COVID-19 model with different differential operators. We start with the classical case, the following is considered:

$$ \frac{dy ( t ) }{dt}=f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) . $$
(49)

Then

$$ y^{n+1}=y^{n}+ \biggl\{ \frac{5}{12}f \bigl( t_{n-2},y^{n-2} \bigr) - \frac{4}{3}f \bigl( t_{n-1},y^{n-1} \bigr) +\frac{5}{12}f \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) \biggr\} \Delta t. $$
(50)

To reduce these requirements, we proceed as follows:

$$ \frac{y^{n}-y^{n-1}}{\Delta t}=f \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) \quad \Rightarrow \quad y^{n-1}=y^{n}-f \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) \Delta t. $$
(51)

On the other hand,

$$ \frac{y^{n-1}-y^{n-2}}{\Delta t}=f \bigl( t_{n-1},y^{n-1} \bigr) $$
(52)

or

$$\begin{aligned} y^{n-2} =&y^{n-1}-f \bigl( t_{n-1},y^{n-1} \bigr) \Delta t \\ =&y^{n}-\Delta tf \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) - \Delta tf \bigl( t_{n-1},y^{n}-f \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) \Delta t \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$
(53)

Replacing \(y^{n-2}\) and \(y^{n-1}\) with their values, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} y^{n+1} =&y^{n}+\frac{5}{12}\Delta tf \bigl( t_{n-2},y^{n}-\Delta tf \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) -\Delta tf \bigl( t_{n-1},y^{n}-f \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) \Delta t \bigr) \bigr) \\ &{}-\frac{4}{3}f \bigl( t_{n-1},y^{n}-f \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) \Delta t \bigr) +\frac{23}{12}f \bigl( t_{n},y^{n} \bigr) \Delta t. \end{aligned}$$
(54)

The above does not need \(y^{1}\) and \(y^{2}\), only the initial condition. With the Caputo–Fabrizio derivative, we consider the following:

$$ {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }y ( t ) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) . $$
(55)

From the definition of the Caputo–Fabrizio integral, we can reformulate the above equation as follows:

$$ y ( t ) -y ( 0 ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) + \frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr)\,d\tau . $$
(56)

We have, at the point \(t_{n+1}= ( n+1 ) \Delta t\),

$$ y ( t_{n+1} ) -y ( 0 ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }f \bigl( t_{n+1},y ( t_{n+1} ) \bigr) +\frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t_{n+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr)\,d \tau , $$
(57)

and at the point \(t_{n}=n\Delta t\),

$$ y ( t_{n} ) -y ( 0 ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }f \bigl( t_{n},y ( t_{n} ) \bigr) +\frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t_{n}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr)\,d \tau . $$
(58)

Taking the difference of these equations, we can write the following:

y ( t n + 1 ) y ( t n ) = 1 α M ( α ) [ f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n + 1 ) ) f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ] + α M ( α ) t n t n + 1 f ( τ , y ( τ ) ) d τ = 1 α M ( α ) [ f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n ) Δ t f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ) f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ] + α M ( α ) { 5 12 f ( t n 2 , y n Δ t f ( t n , y n ) Δ t f ( t n 1 , y n f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) ) Δ t 4 3 f ( t n 1 , y n f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) Δ t + 23 12 f ( t n , y n ) Δ t } .
(59)

With the Caputo derivative, we write

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} {}_{0}^{C}D_{t}^{\alpha }y ( t ) =f ( t,y ( t ) ), \\ y ( 0 ) =y_{0}.\end{cases}$$
(60)

We convert the above into

$$ y ( t ) -y ( 0 ) = \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t- \tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau . $$
(61)

At the point \(t_{n+1}= ( n+1 ) \Delta t\), we have the following:

$$ y ( t_{n+1} ) -y ( 0 ) = \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t_{n+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{ \alpha -1}\,d\tau , $$

and we write

$$ y ( t_{n+1} ) =y ( 0 ) + \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }\sum _{j=2}^{n} \int _{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau . $$

After putting the Newton polynomial into the above equation, the above equation can be written as follows:

y n + 1 = y 0 + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n f ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ f ( t j 1 , y j 1 ) f ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] + α ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ f ( t j , y j ) 2 f ( t j 1 , y j 1 ) + f ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] ,
(62)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& f \bigl( t_{j-1},y^{j-1} \bigr) =f \bigl( t_{j-1},y^{j}-f \bigl( t_{j},y^{j} \bigr) \Delta t \bigr), \\& f \bigl( t_{j-2},y^{j-2} \bigr) =f \bigl( t_{j-2},y^{j}- \Delta tf \bigl( t_{j},y^{j} \bigr) -\Delta tf \bigl( t_{j-1},y^{j}-f \bigl( t_{j},y^{j} \bigr) \Delta t \bigr) \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$
(63)

With Atangana–Baleanu, we have

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} {}_{0}^{ABC}D_{t}^{\alpha }y ( t ) =f ( t,y ( t ) ), \\ y ( 0 ) =y_{0}.\end{cases}$$
(64)

We transform the above equation into

$$ y ( t ) -y ( 0 ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) + \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t- \tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau . $$
(65)

At the point \(t_{n+1}= ( n+1 ) \Delta t\), we have the following:

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) -y ( 0 ) =&\frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) \\ &{}+ \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t_{n+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau , \end{aligned}$$
(66)

and we write

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) =&y ( 0 ) + \frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }f \bigl( t_{n+1},y^{n+1} \bigr) \\ &{}+ \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) }\sum_{j=2}^{n} \int _{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(67)

After putting the Newton polynomial into the above equation, the above equation can be written as follows:

y n + 1 = y 0 + 1 α A B ( α ) f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n ) Δ t f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ) + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ f ( t j , y j ) 2 f ( t j 1 , y j 1 ) + f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] .
(68)

With the Caputo–Fabrizio fractal-fractional derivative, we consider

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }y ( t ) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr), \\ &y ( 0 ) =y_{0}. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(69)

Applying the associated integral operator with exponential kernel, we can reformulate equation (69) as follows:

$$ y ( t ) =\frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }t^{1- \beta }f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) + \frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) \tau ^{1- \beta }\,d\tau . $$
(70)

At the point \(t_{n+1}= ( n+1 ) \Delta t\),

$$ y ( t_{n+1} ) = \frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }t_{n+1}^{1-\beta }f \bigl( t_{n+1},y ( t_{n+1} ) \bigr) + \frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t_{n+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) \tau ^{1-\beta }\,d\tau , $$
(71)

and at the point \(t_{n}=n\Delta t\), we have

$$ y ( t_{n} ) =\frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }t_{n}^{1-\beta }f \bigl( t_{n},y ( t_{n} ) \bigr) + \frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t_{n}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) \tau ^{1-\beta }\,d\tau . $$
(72)

If we take the difference of these equations, we obtain the following equation:

y ( t n + 1 ) y ( t n ) = 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n + 1 ) ) t n 1 β f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ] + α M ( α ) t n t n + 1 f ( τ , y ( τ ) ) τ 1 β d τ .
(73)

For brevity, we consider

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) -y ( t_{n} ) =&\frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \bigl[ F \bigl( t_{n+1},y ( t_{n+1} ) \bigr) -F \bigl( t_{n},y ( t_{n} ) \bigr) \bigr] \\ &{}+\frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \int _{t_{n}}^{t_{n+1}}F \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr)\,d \tau , \end{aligned}$$
(74)

where

$$ F \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) t^{1-\beta }. $$
(75)

We can rearrange the above scheme as follows:

y n + 1 y n = 1 α M ( α ) [ F ( t n + 1 , y ( t n ) Δ t f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ) F ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ] + α M ( α ) { 5 12 F ( t n 2 , y n Δ t f ( t n , y n ) Δ t F ( t n 1 , y n f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) ) Δ t 4 3 F ( t n 1 , y n f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) Δ t + 23 12 F ( t n , y n ) Δ t } .
(76)

If we replace \(F ( t,y ( t ) ) \) with its value, we can solve our equation numerically with the following scheme:

y n + 1 y n = 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n ) Δ t f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ) t n 1 β f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ] + α M ( α ) { t n 2 1 β 5 12 F ( t n 2 , y n Δ t f ( t n , y n ) Δ t f ( t n 1 , y n f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β f ( t n 1 , y n f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) Δ t + 23 12 t n 1 β f ( t n , y n ) Δ t } .
(77)

With the Atangana–Baleanu fractal-fractional derivative, we write

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }y ( t ) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr), \\& y ( 0 ) =y_{0}. \end{aligned}$$
(78)

Applying the new fractional integral with Mittag-Leffler kernel, we transform the above equation into

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t ) =&y ( 0 ) + \frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }t^{1-\beta }f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) \\ &{}+ \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t- \tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\tau ^{1-\beta }\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(79)

At the point \(t_{n+1}= ( n+1 ) \Delta t\), we obtain the following:

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) =&y ( 0 ) + \frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }t_{n+1}^{1-\beta }f \bigl( t_{n+1},y ( t_{n+1} ) \bigr) \\ &{}+ \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t_{n+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\tau ^{1-\beta }\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(80)

For simplicity, we shall take

$$ F \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) t^{1-\beta }. $$
(81)

We also have

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) =&y ( 0 ) + \frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }F \bigl( t_{n+1},y ( t_{n+1} ) \bigr) \\ &{}+ \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) }\sum_{j=2}^{n} \int _{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}F \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(82)

Replacing them into the above equation and substituting \(F ( t,y ( t ) ) =f ( t,y ( t ) ) t^{1-\beta }\), we can get the following numerical scheme:

y n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n + 1 ) ) + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) t j 2 1 β f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 β g ( t j , y j ) 2 t j 1 1 β f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) + t j 2 1 β f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] .
(83)

With the Caputo fractal-fractional derivative, we consider the following:

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFP}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }y ( t ) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr), \\& y ( 0 ) =y_{0}. \end{aligned}$$
(84)

Applying the new fractional integral with power-law kernel, we transform the above equation into

$$ y ( t ) =y ( 0 ) + \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t- \tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\tau ^{1-\beta }\,d\tau . $$
(85)

At the point \(t_{n+1}= ( n+1 ) \Delta t\), we obtain the following:

$$ y ( t_{n+1} ) =y ( 0 ) + \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t_{n+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{ \alpha -1}\tau ^{1-\beta }\,d\tau . $$
(86)

For simplicity, we shall take

$$ F \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) t^{1-\beta }. $$
(87)

We also have

$$ y ( t_{n+1} ) =y ( 0 ) + \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }\sum _{j=2}^{n} \int _{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}F \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau . $$
(88)

Replacing them into the above equation and substituting \(F ( t,y ( t ) ) =f ( t,y ( t ) ) t^{1-\beta }\), we can get the following numerical scheme:

y n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) t j 2 1 β f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 β g ( t j , y j ) 2 t j 1 1 β f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) + t j 2 1 β f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] .
(89)

Finally, we present the numerical scheme with fractal-fractional derivative with variable order. We start with the Caputo–Fabrizio case:

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }y ( t ) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr), \\& y ( 0 ) =y_{0}. \end{aligned}$$
(90)

The above equation can be reformulated as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t ) =&\frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) }t^{2- \beta ( t ) } \biggl[ -\beta \prime ( t ) \ln ( t ) +\frac{2-\beta ( t ) }{t} \biggr] f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) \\ &{}+\frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) \biggl[ \beta \prime ( \tau ) \ln ( \tau ) + \frac{2-\beta ( \tau ) }{\tau } \biggr] \tau ^{2-\beta ( \tau ) }\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(91)

We write the above equation as follows:

y ( t n + 1 ) y ( t n ) = 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n + 1 ) ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ] + α M ( α ) t n t n + 1 f ( τ , y ( τ ) ) [ β ( τ ) ln ( τ ) + 2 β ( τ ) τ ] τ 2 β ( τ ) d τ .
(92)

For simplicity, we take

$$ F \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) \biggl[ -\beta \prime ( t ) \ln ( t ) +\frac{2-\beta ( t ) }{t} \biggr] t^{2-\beta ( t ) }, $$
(93)

and we have

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) -y ( t_{n} ) =&\frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \bigl[ F \bigl( t_{n+1},y ( t_{n+1} ) \bigr) -F \bigl( t_{n},y ( t_{n} ) \bigr) \bigr] \\ &{}+\frac{\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \int _{t_{n}}^{t_{n+1}}F \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr)\,d \tau . \end{aligned}$$
(94)

If we do the same routine and replace \(F ( t,y ( t ) ) \) with its value, we have the following numerical approximation:

y n + 1 = y n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n ) Δ t f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × f ( t n , y ( t n ) ) ] + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × 23 12 f ( t n , y n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × f ( t n 1 , y n f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × 5 12 f ( t n 2 , y n Δ t f ( t n , y n ) Δ t f ( t n 1 , y n f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) ) Δ t } .
(95)

We deal with our problem involving the new constant fractional order and variable fractal dimension

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }y ( t ) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr), \\& y ( 0 ) =y_{0}, \end{aligned}$$
(96)

where the kernel is the Mittag-Leffler kernel. If we integrate the above equation with the new integral operator including the Mittag-Leffler kernel, the above equation can be converted to

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t ) =&\frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }t^{2- \beta ( t ) } \biggl[ -\beta \prime ( t ) \ln ( t ) +\frac{2-\beta ( t ) }{t} \biggr] f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr) \\ &{}+ \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t- \tau ) ^{\alpha -1} \\ &{}\times \biggl[ -\beta \prime ( \tau ) \ln ( \tau ) +\frac{2-\beta ( \tau ) }{\tau } \biggr] \tau ^{2-\beta ( \tau ) }\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(97)

At the point \(t_{n+1}= ( n+1 ) \Delta t\), we have the following:

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) =&\frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }t_{n+1}^{2-\beta ( t_{n+1} ) } \biggl( - \frac{\beta ( t_{n+2} ) -\beta ( t_{n+1} ) }{\Delta t}\ln t_{n+1}+ \frac{2-\beta ( t_{n+1} ) }{t_{n+1}} \biggr) \\ &{}\times f \bigl( t_{n+1},y ( t_{n+1} ) \bigr) \\ &{}+ \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t_{n+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-s ) ^{\alpha -1} \\ &{}\times \biggl[ -\beta \prime ( \tau ) \ln ( \tau ) +\frac{2-\beta ( \tau ) }{\tau } \biggr] \tau ^{2-\beta ( \tau ) }\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(98)

For brevity, we consider

$$ F \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) =f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) \biggl[ - \beta \prime ( \tau ) \ln ( \tau ) + \frac{2-\beta ( \tau ) }{\tau } \biggr] \tau ^{2-\beta ( \tau ) }, $$
(99)

and we can write the following:

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) =&\frac{1-\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) }t_{n+1}^{2-\beta ( t_{n+1} ) } \biggl( - \frac{\beta ( t_{n+2} ) -\beta ( t_{n+1} ) }{\Delta t}\ln t_{n+1}+ \frac{2-\beta ( t_{n+1} ) }{t_{n+1}} \biggr) \\ &{}\times f \bigl( t_{n+1},y ( t_{n+1} ) \bigr) \\ &{}+ \frac{\alpha }{AB ( \alpha ) \Gamma ( \alpha ) }\sum_{j=2}^{n} \int _{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}F \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(100)

One can replace the Newton polynomial in the above equation as follows. Thus, we have the following scheme:

y n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × f ( t n + 1 , y ( t n + 1 ) ) + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n F ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ F ( t j 1 , y j 1 ) F ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ F ( t j , y j ) 2 F ( t j 1 , y j 1 ) + F ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] .
(101)

Replacing the function \(G ( t,y ( t ) ) \) with its value, we can present the following scheme for numerical solution of our equation:

y n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × f ( t n + 1 , y n + f ( t n , y n ) Δ t ) + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) [ β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ] × f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) [ β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ] × f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) [ β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ] × f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) [ β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ] × f ( t j , y j ) Δ t 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) [ β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ] × f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) [ β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ] × f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] .
(102)

We deal with our problem involving the new constant fractional order and variable fractal dimension

$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned}[t] & {}_{0}^{FFP}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }y ( t ) =f \bigl( t,y ( t ) \bigr), \\ &y ( 0 ) =y_{0}, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(103)

where the kernel is the power-law kernel. If we integrate equation (103) with the new integral operator including the power-law kernel, the above equation can be converted to

$$ y ( t ) =\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) } \int _{0}^{t}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t- \tau ) ^{ \alpha -1} \biggl[ -\beta \prime ( \tau ) \ln ( \tau ) + \frac{2-\beta ( \tau ) }{\tau } \biggr] \tau ^{2-\beta ( \tau ) }\,d\tau . $$
(104)

At the point \(t_{n+1}= ( n+1 ) \Delta t\), we have the following:

$$\begin{aligned} y ( t_{n+1} ) =&\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }\int _{0}^{t_{n+1}}f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-s ) ^{\alpha -1} \\ &{}\times \biggl[ -\beta \prime ( \tau ) \ln ( \tau ) +\frac{2-\beta ( \tau ) }{\tau } \biggr] \tau ^{2-\beta ( \tau ) }\,d\tau . \end{aligned}$$
(105)

For brevity, we consider

$$ F \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) =f \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) \biggl[ - \beta \prime ( \tau ) \ln ( \tau ) + \frac{2-\beta ( \tau ) }{\tau } \biggr] \tau ^{2-\beta ( \tau ) }, $$
(106)

and we can write the following:

$$ y ( t_{n+1} ) =\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \alpha ) }\sum _{j=2}^{n} \int _{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}F \bigl( \tau ,y ( \tau ) \bigr) ( t_{n+1}-\tau ) ^{\alpha -1}\,d\tau . $$
(107)

Thus, we have the following scheme:

y n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n F ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ F ( t j 1 , y j 1 ) F ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ F ( t j , y j ) 2 F ( t j 1 , y j 1 ) + F ( t j 2 , y j 2 ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] .
(108)

Replacing the function \(G ( t,y ( t ) ) \) with its value, we can present the following scheme for numerical solution of our equation:

y n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) [ β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ] × f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) [ β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ] × f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) [ β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ] × f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) [ β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ] × f ( t j , y j ) Δ t 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) [ β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ] × f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) [ β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ] × f ( t j 2 , y j Δ t f ( t j , y j ) Δ t f ( t j 1 , y j f ( t j , y j ) Δ t ) ) ] × [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] .
(109)

9 Application to COVID-19 model

In this section, using the suggested numerical scheme, we present its application to solve the mathematical model of COVID-19 with possibility of waves. The numerical scheme will be applied for all cases where the differential operators are with classical differential operators, modern fractional differential operators, and variable orders, although only few examples will be used for numerical simulations. Firstly, we shall use the Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }S = \Lambda - \bigl( \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I^{\ast }+w\beta I_{D}^{\ast }+ \gamma wI_{A}^{\ast }+w \delta _{1}I_{R}^{\ast }+w \delta _{2}I_{T}^{\ast } \bigr) +\gamma _{1}+ \mu _{1} \bigr) S, \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I = \bigl( \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I^{\ast }+w\beta I_{D}^{\ast }+\gamma wI_{A}^{\ast }+w \delta _{1}I_{R}^{\ast }+w \delta _{2}I_{T}^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr) S- ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) I, \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{A} = \xi I- ( \theta +\mu + \chi +\mu _{1} ) I_{A}, \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{D} = \varepsilon I- ( \eta + \varphi +\mu _{1} ) I_{D}, \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{R} = \eta I_{D}+\theta I_{A}- ( v+\xi +\mu _{1} ) I_{R}, \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{T} = \mu I_{A}+vI_{R}- ( \sigma +\tau +\mu _{1} ) I_{T}, \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }R = \lambda I+ \varphi I_{D}+ \chi I_{A}+\xi I_{R}+\sigma I_{T}- ( \Phi +\mu _{1} ) R, \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }D = \tau I_{T}, \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }V = \gamma _{1}S+\Phi R-\mu _{1}V. \end{aligned}$$
(110)

For simplicity, we rearrange the above equation as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }S = S^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I = I^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{A} = I_{A}^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{D} = I_{D}^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{R} = I_{R}^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{T} = I_{T}^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }R = R^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }D = D^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{CF}D_{t}^{\alpha }V = V^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ) . \end{aligned}$$
(111)

Thus, we can have the following scheme for our model:

S n + 1 = S n + 1 α M ( α ) [ S ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) S ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(112)
S n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 S ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 S ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 S ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I n + 1 = S n + 1 α M ( α ) [ I ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(113)
I n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 I ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 I ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 I ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I A n + 1 = I A n + 1 α M ( α ) [ I A ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I A ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(114)
I A n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 I A ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 I A ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 I A ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I D n + 1 = I D n + 1 α M ( α ) [ I D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(115)
I D n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 I D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 I D ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 I D ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I R n + 1 = I R n + 1 α M ( α ) [ I R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(116)
I R n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 I R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 I R ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 I R ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I T n + 1 = I T n + 1 α M ( α ) [ I T ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I T ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(117)
I T n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 I T ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 I T ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 I T ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , R n + 1 = R n + 1 α M ( α ) [ R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(118)
R n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 R ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 R ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , D n + 1 = D n + 1 α M ( α ) [ D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(119)
D n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 D ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 D ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , V n + 1 = V n + 1 α M ( α ) [ V ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) V ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] V n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 V ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 V ( t n , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 V ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } .
(120)

With the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative, we can solve numerically our model as follows:

S n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) S ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) × j = 2 n S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) × j = 2 n [ S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) × j = 2 n [ S ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) I ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) × j = 2 n I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) × j = 2 n [ I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) × j = 2 n [ I ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I A n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) I A ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I A ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I D n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) I D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I R n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) I R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) I R n + 1 = × j = 2 n I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I T n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) I T ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I T ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , R n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , D n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) D n + 1 = × j = 2 n D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , V n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) V ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ V ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ ,
(121)

where

Δ = [ ( n j + 1 ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 3 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 2 α 2 + 9 α + 12 ] ( n j ) α [ 2 ( n j ) 2 + ( 5 α + 10 ) ( n j ) + 6 α 2 + 18 α + 12 ] ] , Σ = [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j + 3 + 2 α ) ( n j ) α ( n j + 3 + 3 α ) ] , Π = [ ( n j + 1 ) α ( n j ) α ] .
(122)

With the Caputo fractional derivative, we can obtain the following:

S n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ S ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ I ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I n + 1 = × Δ , I A n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ I A ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I D n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ I D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I D n + 1 = × Δ , I R n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ I R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I R n + 1 = × Δ , I T n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I T n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ I T ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I T n + 1 = × Δ , R n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] R n + 1 = × Σ R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] R n + 1 = × Δ , D n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] D n + 1 = × Σ D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] D n + 1 = × Δ , V n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ V ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ .
(123)

We now do the same routine for fractal-fractional derivatives. We start with the Caputo–Fabrizio fractal-fractional derivative

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }S = S^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }I = I^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{A} = I_{A}^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{D} = I_{D}^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{R} = I_{R}^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }I_{T} = I_{T}^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }R = R^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }D = D^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha }V = V^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ) . \end{aligned}$$
(124)

After applying the fractional integral with exponential kernel and putting the Newton polynomial into these equations, we can solve our model as follows:

S n + 1 = S n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β S ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β S ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) × { 23 12 t n 1 β S ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β S ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β S ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } ,
(125)
$$\begin{aligned}& I^{n+1} =S^{n}+\frac{1-\alpha }{M ( \alpha ) } \end{aligned}$$
(126)
I n + 1 = [ t n + 1 1 β I ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β I ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] I n + 1 = + α M ( α ) I n + 1 = × { 23 12 t n 1 β I ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β I ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β I ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I A n + 1 = I A n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β I A ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β I A ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) × { 23 12 t n 1 β I A ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β I A ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β I A ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } ,
(127)
I D n + 1 = I D n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β I D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β I D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) × { 23 12 t n 1 β I D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β I D ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β I D ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } ,
(128)
I R n + 1 = I R n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β I R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β I R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(129)
I R n + 1 = + α M ( α ) I R n + 1 = × { 23 12 t n 1 β I R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β I R ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β I R ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I T n + 1 = I T n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β I T ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β I T ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) × { 23 12 t n 1 β I T ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β I T ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β I T ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } ,
(130)
R n + 1 = R n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) × { 23 12 t n 1 β R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β R ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β R ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } ,
(131)
D n + 1 = D n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) × { 23 12 t n 1 β D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β D ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β D ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } ,
(132)
V n + 1 = V n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 1 β V ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 1 β V ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) × { 23 12 t n 1 β V ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 1 β V ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 1 β V ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } .
(133)

For the Atangana–Baleanu fractal-fractional derivative, we can have the following numerical scheme:

S n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β S ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) S n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) S n + 1 = × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π S n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) S n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ S n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) S n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β S ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β I ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) I n + 1 = × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I A n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β I A ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I A ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I D n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β I D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I R n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β I R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I T n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β I T ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I T ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 12 1 β I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , R n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , D n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) D n + 1 = × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , V n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 1 β V ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β V ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ .
(134)

For the power-law kernel, we can have the following:

S n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) × j = 2 n t j 2 1 β S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β S ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) I n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) I n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I A n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I A n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I A n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I A ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I D n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I R n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) × j = 2 n [ t j 12 1 β I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I T n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I T n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β I T ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , R n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , D n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , V n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 1 β V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π V n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 1 β V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 1 β V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ V n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 β V ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 1 β V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 1 β V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ .
(135)

Now we apply

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }S = S^{\ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\ & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }I = I^{ \ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\ & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }I_{A} = I_{A}^{ \ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\ & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }I_{D} = I_{D}^{ \ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\ & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }I_{R} = I_{R}^{ \ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\ & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }I_{T} = I_{T}^{ \ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\ & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }R = R^{ \ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\ & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }D = D^{ \ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ), \\ & {}_{0}^{FFE}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta ( t ) }V = V^{ \ast } ( t,S,I,I_{A},I_{D},I_{R},I_{T},R,D,V ) . \end{aligned}$$
(136)

After applying the fractional integral with exponential kernel and putting the Newton polynomial into these equations, we can solve our model as follows:

S n + 1 = S n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × S ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) S ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ]
(137)
S n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × S ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × S ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × S ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I n + 1 = I n + 1 α M ( α ) × [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × I ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) I ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × I ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × I ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I A n + 1 = I A n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × I A ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I A ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] I A n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I A ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × I A ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × I A ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I D n + 1 = I D n + 1 α M ( α ) × [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × I D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × I D ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × I D ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I R n + 1 = I R n + 1 α M ( α ) [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × I R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] I R n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × I R ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × I R ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , I T n + 1 = I T n + 1 α M ( α ) × [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × I T ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I T ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × I T ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × I T ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × I T ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , R n + 1 = R n + 1 α M ( α ) R n + 1 = × [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] R n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × R ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × R ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , D n + 1 = D n + 1 α M ( α ) × [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × D ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × D ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × D ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } , V n + 1 = V n + 1 α M ( α ) V n + 1 = × [ t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) × V ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × V ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) ] V n + 1 = + α M ( α ) { 23 12 t n 2 β ( t n ) ( β ( t n + 1 ) β ( t n ) Δ t ln t n + 2 β ( t n ) t n ) × R ( t n , S n , I n , I A n , I D n , I R n , I T n , R n , D n , V n ) Δ t 4 3 t n 1 2 β ( t n 1 ) ( β ( t n ) β ( t n 1 ) Δ t ln t n 1 + 2 β ( t n 1 ) t n 1 ) × V ( t n 1 , S n Δ t S n , I n Δ t I n , I A n Δ t I A n , I D n Δ t I D n , I R n Δ t I R n , I T n Δ t I T n , R n Δ t R n , D n Δ t D n , V n Δ t V n ) Δ t + 5 12 t n 2 2 β ( t n 2 ) ( β ( t n 1 ) β ( t n 2 ) Δ t ln t n 2 + 2 β ( t n 2 ) t n 2 ) × V ( t n 2 , S n Δ t S n Δ t S ( n 1 ) , I n Δ t I n Δ t I ( n 1 ) , I A n Δ t I A n Δ t I A ( n 1 ) , I D n Δ t I D n Δ t I D ( n 1 ) , I R n Δ t I R n Δ t I R ( n 1 ) , I T n Δ t I T n Δ t I T ( n 1 ) , R n Δ t R n Δ t R ( n 1 ) , D n Δ t D n Δ t D ( n 1 ) , V n Δ t V n Δ t V ( n 1 ) ) Δ t } .
(138)

For the Atangana–Baleanu fractal-fractional derivative, we can have the following numerical scheme:

S n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) S n + 1 = × S ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) S n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) S n + 1 = × S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π S n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) S n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ S n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) S n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × S ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) I n + 1 = × I ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I n + 1 = × I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I A n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) I A n + 1 = × I A ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I A n + 1 = × I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I A n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I A n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I A ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I D n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) I D n + 1 = × I D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I D n + 1 = × I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I R n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) I R n + 1 = × I R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I R n + 1 = × I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , I T n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) I T n + 1 = × I T ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I T n + 1 = × I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ I T n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) I T n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I T ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , R n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) R n + 1 = × R ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) R n + 1 = × R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ R n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) R n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , D n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) D n + 1 = × D ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) D n + 1 = × D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ D n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) D n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ , V n + 1 = 1 α A B ( α ) t n + 1 2 β ( t n + 1 ) ( β ( t n + 2 ) β ( t n + 1 ) Δ t ln t n + 1 + 2 β ( t n + 1 ) t n + 1 ) V n + 1 = × V ( t n + 1 , S n + Δ t S n , I n + Δ t I n , I A n + Δ t I A n , I D n + Δ t I D n , I R n + Δ t I R n , I T n + Δ t I T n , R n + Δ t R n , D n + Δ t D n , V n + Δ t V n ) V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) V n + 1 = × V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 2 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Σ V n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 A B ( α ) Γ ( α + 3 ) V n + 1 = × j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × V ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] × Δ .
(139)

For the power-law kernel, we can have the following:

S n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) S n + 1 = × S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π S n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] S n + 1 = × Σ S n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × S ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × S ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × S ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] S n + 1 = × Δ , I n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I n + 1 = × I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I n + 1 = × Σ I n + 1 = + α ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I n + 1 = × Δ , I A n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I A n + 1 = × I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I A n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I A n + 1 = × Σ I A n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I A ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I A ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I A ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I A n + 1 = × Δ , I D n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I D n + 1 = × I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I D n + 1 = × Σ I D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I D n + 1 = × Δ , I R n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I R n + 1 = × I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I R n + 1 = × Σ I R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I R n + 1 = × Δ , I T n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) I T n + 1 = × I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π I T n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I T n + 1 = × Σ I T n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × I T ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × I T ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × I T ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] I T n + 1 = × Δ , R n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) R n + 1 = × R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] R n + 1 = × Σ R n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × R ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × R ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × R ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] R n + 1 = × Δ , D n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) D n + 1 = × D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] D n + 1 = × Σ D n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × D ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × D ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × D ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] D n + 1 = × Δ , V n + 1 = ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 1 ) j = 2 n t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) V n + 1 = × V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) × Π V n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α Γ ( α + 2 ) j = 2 n [ t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] V n + 1 = × Σ V n + 1 = + ( Δ t ) α 2 Γ ( α + 3 ) j = 2 n [ t j 2 β ( t j ) ( β ( t j + 1 ) β ( t j ) Δ t ln t j + 2 β ( t j ) t j ) × V ( t j , S j , I j , I A j , I D j , I R j , I T j , R j , D j , V j ) 2 t j 1 2 β ( t j 1 ) ( β ( t j ) β ( t j 1 ) Δ t ln t j 1 + 2 β ( t j 1 ) t j 1 ) × V ( t j 1 , S j Δ t S j , I j Δ t I j , I A j Δ t I A j , I D j Δ t I D j , I R j Δ t I R j , I T j Δ t I T j , R j Δ t R j , D j Δ t D j , V j Δ t V j ) + t j 2 2 β ( t j 2 ) ( β ( t j 1 ) β ( t j 2 ) Δ t ln t j 2 + 2 β ( t j 2 ) t j 2 ) × V ( t j 2 , S j Δ t S j Δ t S ( j 1 ) , I j Δ t I j Δ t I ( j 1 ) , I A j Δ t I A j Δ t I A ( j 1 ) , I D j Δ t I D j Δ t I D ( j 1 ) , I R j Δ t I R j Δ t I R ( j 1 ) , I T j Δ t I T j Δ t I T ( j 1 ) , R j Δ t R j Δ t R ( j 1 ) , D j Δ t D j Δ t D ( j 1 ) , V j Δ t V j Δ t V ( j 1 ) ) ] V n + 1 = × Δ .
(140)

10 Numerical simulation

In this section, using the numerical solutions obtained in the previous section, we present a numerical method for all cases. The numerical simulations are depicted for different values of fractional order and fractal dimension as presented in Figs. 2637.

$$\begin{aligned}& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }S = \Lambda - \bigl( \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I^{\ast }+w\beta I_{D}^{\ast }+ \gamma wI_{A}^{ \ast }+w\delta _{1}I_{R}^{\ast }+w \delta _{2}I_{T}^{\ast } \bigr) + \gamma _{1}+\mu _{1} \bigr) S, \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }I = \bigl( \delta ( t ) \bigl( \alpha I^{\ast }+w\beta I_{D}^{\ast }+ \gamma wI_{A}^{\ast }+w \delta _{1}I_{R}^{\ast }+w \delta _{2}I_{T}^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr) S- ( \varepsilon +\xi +\lambda +\mu _{1} ) I, \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }I_{A} = \xi I- ( \theta +\mu + \chi +\mu _{1} ) I_{A}, \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }I_{D} = \varepsilon I- ( \eta + \varphi +\mu _{1} ) I_{D}, \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\beta }I_{R} = \eta I_{D}+\theta I_{A}- ( v+\xi +\mu _{1} ) I_{R}, \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\tau }I_{T} = \mu I_{A}+vI_{R}- ( \sigma +\tau +\mu _{1} ) I_{T}, \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\tau }R = \lambda I+ \varphi I_{D}+ \chi I_{A}+\xi I_{R}+\sigma I_{T}- ( \Phi +\mu _{1} ) R, \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\tau }D = \tau I_{T}, \\& {}_{0}^{FFM}D_{t}^{\alpha ,\tau }V = \gamma _{1}S+\Phi R-\mu _{1}V, \end{aligned}$$
(141)

where

δ(t)= { d 0 ( 1 a n ) cos ( b t t 0 T ) , 0 < t < t 0 d 0 , t 0 < t < t 1 d 1 ( 1 a r ) cos ( b t t 1 T ) , t 1 < t < t 2 d 1 , t 2 < t < t 3 d 2 ( 1 a t ) cos ( b t t 2 T ) , t > t 3 } .
(142)

Also, the initial conditions are

$$\begin{aligned}& S ( 0 ) =800{,}000,\quad\quad I ( 0 ) =3,\quad\quad I_{A} ( 0 ) =0, \quad\quad I_{D} ( 0 ) =0,\quad\quad I_{R} ( 0 ) =0, \\& I_{T} ( 0 ) =0,\quad\quad R ( 0 ) =0,\quad\quad D ( 0 ) =0,\quad \quad V ( 0 ) =0. \end{aligned}$$
(143)

Also, the parameters are chosen as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& \Lambda =810{,}000,\quad\quad \eta =0.12,\quad\quad \chi =0.15,\quad\quad v=0.4, \quad\quad \gamma =0.09, \\& \beta =0.75,\quad\quad \gamma _{1}=0.4,\quad\quad \mu _{1}=0.3,\quad\quad \varepsilon =0.161, \quad\quad \tau =0.0199,\\& \Phi =0.015, \quad\quad \lambda =0.0345,\quad\quad \varphi =0.0345,\quad\quad \delta _{1}=0.5, \quad\quad \xi =0.015, \\& \sigma =0.015,\quad\quad \delta _{0}=0.99, \quad\quad \Delta t =900,\quad\quad t_{0}=30,\quad\quad \delta _{2}=0.4,\quad\quad w=0.4, \\& b=0.2,\quad\quad a_{n}=0.1,\quad\quad a_{r}=0.2, \quad\quad a_{t}=\text{0.3},\quad\quad d_{0}=0.02,\quad\quad d_{1}=0.2,\\& d_{2}=0.15. \end{aligned}$$
(144)
Figure 26
figure 26

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.76\)

Figure 27
figure 27

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.85\)

Figure 28
figure 28

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.91\)

Figure 29
figure 29

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.76\)

Figure 30
figure 30

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.90\), \(\beta =0.85\)

Figure 31
figure 31

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.95\), \(\beta =0.95\)

Figure 32
figure 32

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.72\)

Figure 33
figure 33

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.82\)

Figure 34
figure 34

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.90\)

Figure 35
figure 35

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =1\)

Figure 36
figure 36

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.89\), \(\beta =0.85\)

Figure 37
figure 37

Numerical visualization of COVID-19 model for \(\alpha =0.95\), \(\beta =0.97\)

11 Likelihood with hyper-Poisson distribution

Using the suggested numerical model, we obtain the approximate solution \(( S^{\ast } ( t ) ,I^{\ast } ( t ) , I_{A}^{ \ast } ( t ) ,I_{D}^{\ast } ( t ) ,I_{R}^{\ast } ( t ) ,I_{T}^{\ast } ( t ) ,R^{\ast } ( t ) ,D^{\ast } ( t ) ,V^{\ast } ( t ) ) \). We are more interested in \(I^{\ast } ( t )\), \(R^{\ast } ( t )\), and \(D^{\ast } ( t ) \) and the approximate solution I, R, D because we have the collected data \(z_{I}^{t}\), \(z_{R}^{t}\), \(z_{D}^{t}\) which represent the number of infections, recovered, and deaths daily. We assume that such follow hyper-Poisson distribution with parameters. The hyper-Poisson distribution is given as follows:

$$ P ( X=k ) = \frac{\Gamma ( \beta ) }{\Gamma ( k+\beta ) \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) },\quad \lambda >0,k=0,1,2,\ldots,n, $$
(145)

where

$$ \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) =\sum_{k=0}^{\infty } \frac{ ( 1 ) _{k}\lambda ^{k}}{ ( \beta ) _{k}k!}, \quad ( \beta ) _{k}=\beta ( \beta +1 ) \cdots ( \beta +k ) $$
(146)

\(\Omega _{''}\) with parameters \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\), \(k_{3}\)

$$\begin{aligned}& k_{1} =\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ( t ), \\& k_{2} =\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ( t ), \\& k_{3} =\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ( t ) \end{aligned}$$
(147)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& z_{I}^{t} \sim HP \bigl( k_{1}=\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr), \\& z_{R}^{t} \sim HP \bigl( k_{2}=\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr), \\& z_{D}^{t} \sim HP \bigl( k_{3}=\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$
(148)

Here, the parameters \(\Omega _{1}\), \(\Omega _{2}\), and \(\Omega _{3}\) are a combination of collection accuracy and detectability of infected, recovered, and dead. Thus the likelihood function is defined as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& L ( k_{1} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}g \bigl( z_{I}^{t}/k_{1} \bigr), \\& L ( k_{2} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}g \bigl( z_{R}^{t}/k_{2} \bigr), \\& L ( k_{3} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}g \bigl( z_{D}^{t}/k_{3} \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$
(149)

Thus

$$\begin{aligned}& L ( k_{1} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\Gamma ( \beta ) \lambda ^{z_{I}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( z_{I}^{t}+\beta ) \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) }, \\& L ( k_{2} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\Gamma ( \beta ) \lambda ^{z_{R}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( z_{R}^{t}+\beta ) \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) }, \\& L ( k_{3} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\Gamma ( \beta ) \lambda ^{z_{D}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( z_{D}^{t}+\beta ) \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) }. \end{aligned}$$
(150)

Without loss of generality, we consider \(L ( k_{1} ) \):

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \log L ( k_{1} ) &=\sum _{t=0}^{n}\log \frac{\Gamma ( \beta ) \lambda ^{z_{I}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( z_{I}^{t}+\beta ) \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) } \\ &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \log \Gamma ( \beta ) +z_{I}^{t} \log \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } \bigr) -\log \Gamma \bigl( z_{I}^{t}+ \beta \bigr) -\log \Phi \bigl( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(151)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial z_{I}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log ( \Omega _{1} ) +\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \bigl( I^{ \ast } \bigr) -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{I}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{I}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n \bigl[ \log ( \Omega _{1} ) +\log \bigl( I^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{I}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{I}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n\log \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{I}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{I}^{t}+\beta ) }, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(152)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial I^{\ast }} &=nz_{I}^{t}\frac{I^{\ast }\prime }{I^{\ast }}-\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) } \\ &=nz_{I}^{t}\frac{I^{\ast }\prime }{I^{\ast }}-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) }, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(153)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial \Omega _{1}} &=nz_{I}^{t} \frac{\Omega _{1}\prime }{\Omega _{1}}-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) } \\ &=-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) }, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(154)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] L ( k_{2} ) &=\sum _{t=0}^{n}\log \frac{\Gamma ( \beta ) \lambda ^{z_{R}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( z_{R}^{t}+\beta ) \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) } \\ &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \log \Gamma ( \beta ) +z_{R}^{t} \log \lambda -\log \Gamma \bigl( z_{R}^{t}+\beta \bigr) -\log \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) \bigr], \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(155)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial z_{R}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log ( \Omega _{2} ) +\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \bigl( R^{ \ast } \bigr) -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{R}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{R}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n \bigl[ \log ( \Omega _{2} ) +\log \bigl( R^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{R}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{R}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n\log \bigl( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{R}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{R}^{t}+\beta ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(156)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial R^{\ast }} &=nz_{R}^{t}\frac{R^{\ast }\prime }{R^{\ast }}-\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) } \\ &=nz_{R}^{t}\frac{R^{\ast }\prime }{R^{\ast }}-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) }, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(157)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial \Omega _{2}} &=nz_{R}^{t} \frac{\Omega _{2}\prime }{\Omega _{2}}-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) } \\ &=-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(158)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] L ( k_{3} ) &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \frac{\Gamma ( \beta ) \lambda ^{z_{D}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( z_{D}^{t}+\beta ) \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) } \\ &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \log \Gamma ( \beta ) +z_{D}^{t} \log \lambda -\log \Gamma \bigl( z_{D}^{t}+\beta \bigr) -\log \Phi ( 1,\beta ,\lambda ) \bigr] , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(159)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{3} ) }{\partial z_{D}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log ( \Omega _{3} ) +\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \bigl( D^{ \ast } \bigr) -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{D}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{D}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n \bigl[ \log ( \Omega _{3} ) +\log \bigl( D^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{D}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{D}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n\log \bigl( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( z_{D}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( z_{D}^{t}+\beta ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(160)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{3} ) }{\partial R^{\ast }} &=nz_{D}^{t}\frac{D^{\ast }\prime }{D^{\ast }}-\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) } \\ &=nz_{D}^{t}\frac{D^{\ast }\prime }{D^{\ast }}-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(161)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{3} ) }{\partial \Omega _{3}} &=nz_{D}^{t} \frac{\Omega _{3}\prime }{\Omega _{3}}-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) } \\ &=-n \frac{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) \prime }{\Phi ( 1,\beta ,\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) }. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(162)

12 Likelihood with Weibull distribution

We will do the same routine for the Weibull distribution known as

$$ P ( X=k ) =\frac{k}{\alpha } \biggl( \frac{\lambda }{\alpha } \biggr) ^{k-1}\exp ( -\lambda /\alpha ) ^{k},\quad \lambda ,\alpha >0,k=0,1,2,\ldots,n, $$
(163)

Ω with parameters \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\), \(k_{3}\)

$$\begin{aligned}& k_{1} =\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ( t ), \\& k_{2} =\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ( t ), \\& k_{3} =\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ( t ) \end{aligned}$$
(164)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon _{I}^{t} \sim W \bigl( k_{1}=\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr), \\& \varepsilon _{R}^{t} \sim W \bigl( k_{2}=\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr), \\& \varepsilon _{D}^{t} \sim W \bigl( k_{3}=\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$
(165)

Thus the likelihood function is given by

$$\begin{aligned}& L ( k_{1} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}W \bigl( \varepsilon _{I}^{t}/k_{1} \bigr), \\& L ( k_{2} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}W \bigl( \varepsilon _{R}^{t}/k_{2} \bigr), \\& L ( k_{3} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}W \bigl( \varepsilon _{D}^{t}/k_{3} \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$
(166)

Thus

$$\begin{aligned}& L ( k_{1} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}}{\alpha } \biggl( \frac{\lambda }{\alpha } \biggr) ^{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}-1} \exp ( -\lambda /\alpha ) ^{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}}, \\& L ( k_{2} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}}{\alpha } \biggl( \frac{\lambda }{\alpha } \biggr) ^{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}-1} \exp ( -\lambda /\alpha ) ^{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}}, \\& L ( k_{3} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}}{\alpha } \biggl( \frac{\lambda }{\alpha } \biggr) ^{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}-1} \exp ( -\lambda /\alpha ) ^{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}}. \end{aligned}$$
(167)

Without loss of generality, we consider \(L ( k_{1} ) \):

$$\begin{aligned} \log L ( k_{1} ) =&\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \biggl[ \frac{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}}{\alpha } \biggl( \frac{\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }}{\alpha } \biggr) ^{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}-1} \exp \bigl( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha \bigr) ^{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}} \biggr] \\ =& \bigl[ \log \varepsilon _{I}^{t}-\log \alpha + \bigl( \varepsilon _{I}^{t}-1 \bigr) \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{ \ast } \bigr) -\log \alpha \bigr] -\varepsilon _{I}^{t} \bigl( - \Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/ \alpha \bigr) \bigr] \end{aligned}$$
(168)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial \varepsilon _{I}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}\prime }{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}}+\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } \bigr) - \log \alpha \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha \bigr) \\ &=n\frac{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}\prime }{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}}+n \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } \bigr) -\log \alpha \bigr] +n \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/ \alpha \bigr), \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(169)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial I^{\ast }} &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{I}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{I^{\ast }\prime }{I^{\ast }}-\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha ) } \\ &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{I}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{I^{\ast }\prime }{I^{\ast }}-n\frac{ ( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha ) }, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(170)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial \Omega _{1}} &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{I}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{\Omega _{1}\prime }{\Omega _{1}}-n \frac{ ( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha ) } \\ &=-n \frac{ ( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{1}I^{\ast }/\alpha ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(171)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] \log L ( k_{2} ) &=\sum _{t=0}^{n}\log \biggl[ \frac{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}}{\alpha } \biggl( \frac{\Omega _{2}I^{\ast }}{\alpha } \biggr) ^{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}-1} \exp \bigl( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha \bigr) ^{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}} \biggr] \\ &= \bigl[ \log \varepsilon _{R}^{t}-\log \alpha + \bigl( \varepsilon _{R}^{t}-1 \bigr) \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{2}R^{ \ast } \bigr) -\log \alpha \bigr] -\varepsilon _{R}^{t} \bigl( - \Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/ \alpha \bigr) \bigr] \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(172)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial \varepsilon _{R}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}\prime }{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}}+\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } \bigr) - \log \alpha \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha \bigr) \\ &=n\frac{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}\prime }{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}}+n \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } \bigr) -\log \alpha \bigr] +n \bigl( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/ \alpha \bigr), \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(173)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial R^{\ast }} &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{R}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{R^{\ast }\prime }{R^{\ast }}-\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha ) } \\ &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{R}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{R^{\ast }\prime }{R^{\ast }}-n\frac{ ( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(174)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial \Omega _{2}} &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{R}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{\Omega _{2}\prime }{\Omega _{2}}-n \frac{ ( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha ) } \\ &=-n \frac{ ( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{2}R^{\ast }/\alpha ) }, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(175)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \log L ( k_{3} ) &=\sum _{t=0}^{n}\log \biggl[ \frac{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}}{\alpha } \biggl( \frac{\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }}{\alpha } \biggr) ^{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}-1} \exp \bigl( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha \bigr) ^{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}} \biggr] \\ &= \bigl[ \log \varepsilon _{D}^{t}-\log \alpha + \bigl( \varepsilon _{D}^{t}-1 \bigr) \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{3}D^{ \ast } \bigr) -\log \alpha \bigr] -\varepsilon _{D}^{t} \bigl( - \Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/ \alpha \bigr) \bigr] \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(176)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{3} ) }{\partial \varepsilon _{D}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}\prime }{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}}+\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } \bigr) - \log \alpha \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha \bigr) \\ &=n\frac{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}\prime }{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}}+n \bigl[ \log \bigl( \Omega _{3}R^{\ast } \bigr) -\log \alpha \bigr] +n \bigl( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/ \alpha \bigr), \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(177)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{3} ) }{\partial D^{\ast }} &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{D}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{D^{\ast }\prime }{D^{\ast }}-\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha ) } \\ &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{I}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{D^{\ast }\prime }{D^{\ast }}-n\frac{ ( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(178)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial \Omega _{1}} &=n \bigl( \varepsilon _{D}^{t}-1 \bigr) \frac{\Omega _{3}\prime }{\Omega _{3}}-n \frac{ ( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha ) } \\ &=-n \frac{ ( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha ) \prime }{ ( -\Omega _{3}D^{\ast }/\alpha ) }. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(179)

13 Likelihood with Mittag-Leffler distribution

Finally, we shall use the Mittag-Leffler distribution for similar processes. The Mittag-Leffler distribution is defined by

$$ P ( X=k ) = \frac{\lambda ^{k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha k+\beta ) E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \lambda ) },\quad \lambda >0,k=0,1,2,\ldots,n, $$
(180)

where

$$ E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \lambda ) =\sum_{k=0}^{\infty } \frac{\lambda ^{k}}{\Gamma ( \alpha k+\beta ) }. $$
(181)

\(\Omega_{i}\), \(i=1,2,3\) with parameters \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\), \(k_{3}\)

$$\begin{aligned}& k_{1} =\Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ( t ), \\& k_{2} =\Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ( t ), \\& k_{3} =\Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ( t ) \end{aligned}$$
(182)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \varepsilon _{I}^{t} \sim ML \bigl( k_{1}= \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr), \\& \varepsilon _{R}^{t} \sim ML \bigl( k_{2}= \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr), \\& \varepsilon _{D}^{t} \sim ML \bigl( k_{3}= \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ( t ) \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$
(183)

Thus the likelihood function is written as

$$\begin{aligned}& L ( k_{1} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}ML \bigl( \varepsilon _{I}^{t}/k_{1} \bigr), \\& L ( k_{2} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}ML \bigl( \varepsilon _{R}^{t}/k_{2} \bigr), \\& L ( k_{3} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n}ML \bigl( \varepsilon _{D}^{t}/k_{3} \bigr) . \end{aligned}$$
(184)

Thus

$$\begin{aligned}& L ( k_{1} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\lambda ^{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \lambda ) }, \\& L ( k_{2} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\lambda ^{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{R}^{t}+\beta ) E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \lambda ) }, \\& L ( k_{3} ) =\prod_{t=0}^{n} \frac{\lambda ^{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+\beta ) E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \lambda ) }. \end{aligned}$$
(185)

We write \(L ( k_{1} ) \):

$$\begin{aligned} \log L ( k_{1} ) =&\log \frac{\lambda ^{\varepsilon _{I}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \lambda ) } \\ =&\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \varepsilon _{I}^{t}\log \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{ \ast } \bigr) -\log \Gamma \bigl( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+ \beta \bigr) -\log E_{\alpha ,\beta } \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] \end{aligned}$$
(186)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial \varepsilon _{I}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log ( \Omega _{1} ) +\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \bigl( I^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n \bigl[ \log ( \Omega _{1} ) +\log \bigl( I^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n\log \bigl( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(187)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial I^{\ast }} &=n \varepsilon _{I}^{t} \frac{I^{\ast }\prime }{I^{\ast }}-\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) } \\ &=n\varepsilon _{I}^{t}\frac{I^{\ast }\prime }{I^{\ast }}-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(188)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial \Omega _{1}} &=n \varepsilon _{I}^{t} \frac{\Omega _{1}\prime }{\Omega _{1}}-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) } \\ &=-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{1}I^{\ast } ) }. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(189)

With the same routine,

$$\begin{aligned} \log L ( k_{2} ) =&\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \frac{\lambda ^{\varepsilon _{R}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{I}^{t}+\beta ) E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \lambda ) } \\ =&\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \varepsilon _{R}^{t}\log \bigl( \Omega _{1}R^{ \ast } \bigr) -\log \Gamma \bigl( \alpha \varepsilon _{R}^{t}+ \beta \bigr) -\log E_{\alpha ,\beta } \bigl( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] \end{aligned}$$
(190)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial \varepsilon _{R}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log ( \Omega _{2} ) +\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \bigl( R^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{R}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{R}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n \bigl[ \log ( \Omega _{2} ) +\log \bigl( R^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{R}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{R}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n\log \bigl( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{R}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{R}^{t}+\beta ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(191)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial R^{\ast }} &=n \varepsilon _{R}^{t} \frac{R^{\ast }\prime }{R^{\ast }}-\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) } \\ &=n\varepsilon _{I}^{t}\frac{R^{\ast }\prime }{R^{\ast }}-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(192)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{2} ) }{\partial \Omega _{2}} &=n \varepsilon _{R}^{t} \frac{\Omega _{2}\prime }{\Omega _{2}}-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) } \\ &=-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{2}R^{\ast } ) } \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(193)

and

$$\begin{aligned} \log L ( k_{3} ) =&\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \frac{\lambda ^{\varepsilon _{D}^{t}}}{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+\beta ) E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \lambda ) } \\ =&\sum_{t=0}^{n} \bigl[ \varepsilon _{D}^{t}\log \bigl( \Omega _{3}D^{ \ast } \bigr) -\log \Gamma \bigl( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+ \beta \bigr) -\log E_{\alpha ,\beta } \bigl( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] \end{aligned}$$
(194)

and

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{1} ) }{\partial \varepsilon _{I}^{t}} &=\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log ( \Omega _{3} ) +\sum_{t=0}^{n} \log \bigl( D^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n \bigl[ \log ( \Omega _{3} ) +\log \bigl( D^{\ast } \bigr) \bigr] -\sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+\beta ) } \\ &=n\log \bigl( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } \bigr) -\sum _{t=0}^{n} \frac{ ( \Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+\beta ) ) \prime }{\Gamma ( \alpha \varepsilon _{D}^{t}+\beta ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(195)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{3} ) }{\partial D^{\ast }} &=n \varepsilon _{D}^{t} \frac{D^{\ast }\prime }{D^{\ast }}-\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) } \\ &=n\varepsilon _{D}^{t}\frac{D^{\ast }\prime }{D^{\ast }}-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) } , \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(196)
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[t] \frac{\partial \log L ( k_{3} ) }{\partial \Omega _{3}} &=n \varepsilon _{D}^{t} \frac{\Omega _{1}\prime }{\Omega _{1}}-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) } \\ &=-n \frac{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) \prime }{E_{\alpha ,\beta } ( \Omega _{3}D^{\ast } ) }. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(197)

14 Conclusion

Up to date humans have relied on forecasting with the aim to better control their world, or at least to have an asymptotic idea of their future. They have many ways to achieve this, one way is to use the deterministic approach and another is stochastic one. In this work, we presented a comprehensive analysis ranging from stochastic, fractal to differentiation with the aim to predict the future behavior of COVID-19 with cases studied in Africa and Europe. With stochastic approach, we were able to detect a possibility of the second wave of COVID-19 spread in Europe and in Africa, a continuous exponential growth could be possible. We presented an extension of the blancmange function to capture more fractal behaviors, and some examples were presented resembling the COVID-19 spread in various countries in Africa and Europe. A complex and nonlinear mathematical model with wave function was considered and solved numerically with a modified scheme.

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Atangana, A., İğret Araz, S. Modeling and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 with stochastic and deterministic approaches: Africa and Europe. Adv Differ Equ 2021, 57 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03213-2

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