- Research Article
- Open Access
- Published:
WKB Estimates for
Linear Dynamic Systems on Time Scales
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2008, Article number: 712913 (2008)
Abstracts
We establish WKB estimates for linear dynamic systems with a small parameter
on a time scale unifying continuous and discrete WKB method. We introduce an adiabatic invariant for
dynamic system on a time scale, which is a generalization of adiabatic invariant of Lorentz_s pendulum. As an application we prove that the change of adiabatic invariant is vanishing as
approaches zero. This result was known before only for a continuous time scale. We show that it is true for the discrete scale only for the appropriate choice of graininess depending on a parameter
. The proof is based on the truncation of WKB series and WKB estimates.
1. Adiabatic Invariant of Dynamic Systems on Time Scales
Consider the following system with a small parameter on a time scale:

where is the delta derivative,
is a
-vector function, and

WKB method [1, 2] is a powerful method of the description of behavior of solutions of (1.1) by using asymptotic expansions. It was developed by Carlini (1817), Liouville, Green (1837) and became very useful in the development of quantum mechanics in 1920 [1, 3]. The discrete WKB approximation was introduced and developed in [4–8].
The calculus of times scales was initiated by Aulbach and Hilger [9–11] to unify the discrete and continuous analysis.
In this paper, we are developing WKB approximations for the linear dynamic systems on a time scale to unify the discrete and continuous WKB theory. Our formulas for WKB series are based on the representation of fundamental solutions of dynamic system (1.1) given in [12]. Note that the WKB estimate (see (2.21) below) has double asymptotical character and it shows that the error could be made small by either or
It is well known [13, 14] that the change of adiabatic invariant of harmonic oscillator is vanishing with the exponential speed as approaches zero, if the frequency is an analytic function.
In this paper, we prove that for the discrete harmonic oscillator (even for a harmonic oscillator on a time scale) the change of adiabatic invariant approaches zero with the power speed when the graininess depends on a parameter in a special way.
A time scale is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of the real numbers. If
has a left-scattered minimum
, then
otherwise
Here we consider the time scales with
and
For , we define forward jump operator

The forward graininess function is defined by

If , we say that
is right scattered. If
and
, then
is called right dense.
For and
define the delta (see [10, 11]) derivative
to be the number (provided it exists) with the property that for given any
there exist a
and a neighborhood
of
such that

for all .
For any positive define auxilliary "slow" time scales

with forward jump operator and graininess function

Further frequently we are suppressing dependence on or
. To distinguish the differentiation by
or
we show the argument of differentiation in parenthesizes:
or
Assuming (see [10] for the definition of rd-differentiable function), denote




where are unknown phase functions,
is the Euclidean matrix norm, and
are the exponential functions on a time scale [10, 11]:

Using the ratio of Wronskians formula proposed in [15] we introduce a new definition of adiabatic invariant of system (1.1)

Theorem 1.1.
Assume and for some positive number
and any natural number
conditions



are satisfied, where the positive parameter is so small that

Then for any solution of (1.1) and for all
, the estimate

is true for some positive constant
Checking condition (1.16) of Theorem 1.1 is based on the construction of asymptotic solutions in the form of WKB series

where and

Here the functions are defined as

where is defined in (1.8), and
are defined by recurrence relations

is the Kroneker symbol (
if
, and
otherwise).
Denote


In the next Theorem 1.2 by truncating series (1.20):

where are given in (1.21) and (1.22), we deduce estimate (1.16) from condition (1.26) below given directly in the terms of matrix
Theorem 1.2.
Assume that and conditions (1.14), (1.15), (1.17), and

are satisfied. Then, estimate (1.18) is true.
Note that if , then formulas (1.21) and (1.22) are simplified:

where from (1.8)

Taking in (1.25) and
as in (1.21), we have

which means that in (1.20) and from (1.24)

Example 1.3.
Consider system (1.1) with Then for continuous time scale
we have
and by picking
in (1.25) we get by direct calculations
and

In view of

condition (1.26) under the assumption turns to

and from Theorem 1.2 we have the following corollary.
Corollary 1.4.
Assume that and (1.33) is satisfied. Then for
estimate (1.18) with
is true for all solutions
of system (1.1) on continuous time scale
If , then (1.33) turns to

and for it is satisfied for any real
.
If is an analytic function, then it is known (see [13]) that the change of adiabatic invariant approaches zero with exponential speed as
approaches zero.
Example 1.5.
Consider harmonic oscillator on a discrete time scale ,

which could be written in form (1.1), where

Choosing from formulas (1.27) and (1.29) we have
and

From (1.13) we get

or


If we choose

then all conditions of Theorem 1.2 are satisfied (see proof of Example 1.5 in the next section) for any real numbers , and estimate (1.18) with
is true.
Note that for continuous time scale we have and (1.39) turns to the formula of adiabatic invariant for Lorentz's pendulum ([13]):

2. WKB Series and WKB Estimates
Fundamental system of solutions of (1.1) could be represented in form

where is an approximate fundamental matrix function and
is an error vector function.
Introduce the matrix function

In [16], the following theory was proved.
Theorem 2.1.
Assume there exists a matrix function such that
the matrix function
is invertible, and the following exponential function on a time scale is bounded:

Then every solution of (1.1) can be represented in form (2.1) and the error vector function can be estimated as

where is the Euclidean vector (or matrix) norm.
Remark 2.2.
If , then from (2.4) we get

Proof.
Indeed if , the function
is increasing, so
and from
we get

and by integration

or

Note that from the definition

Indeed

If , then the fundamental matrix
in (2.1) is given by (see [12])

Lemma 2.3.
If conditions (1.14), (1.15) are satisfied, then

where the functions are defined in (1.9), (1.11).
Proof.
Denote

By direct calculations (see [12]), we get from (2.11)

Using (2.14), we get

and from (1.14)

So by using (1.9), we have

From (2.2), (2.13), (2.17), we get (2.12) in view of

Proof of Theorem 1.1.
From (1.16) changing variable of integration we get

So using (2.12), we get

From this estimate and (2.5), we have

where is so small that (1.17) is satisfied. The last estimate follows from the inequality
Indeed because
is increasing for
we have
Further from (2.1), (2.11), we have

Solving these equation for , we get

By multiplication (see (1.12)), we get

and using estimate (2.21), we have

Proof of Theorem 1.2.
Let us look for solutions of (1.1) in the form

where is given by (2.11), and functions
are given via WKB series (1.20).
Substituting series (1.20) in (1.9), we get

or

To make asymptotically equal zero or
we must solve for
the equations

By direct calculations from the first quadratic equation

and the second one

we get two solutions given by (1.21) and (1.22). Note that

Furthermore from th equation

we get recurrence relations (1.22).
In view of Theorem 1.1, to prove Theorem 1.2 it is enough to deduce condition (1.16) from (1.26). By truncation of series (1.20) or by taking

we get (1.25). Defining as in (1.21) and (1.22), we have

Now (1.16) follows from (1.26) in view of

Note that from (1.13) and the estimates

it follows


Proof.
From (1.37), (1.41), we have

and using (2.39), we get

Further for

So if , then (1.26) and all other conditions of Theorem 1.2 are satisfied, and (1.18) is true with
.
References
Fröman M, Fröman PO: JWKB-Approximation. Contributions to the Theory. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 1965:viii+138.
Holmes MH: Introduction to Perturbation Methods, Texts in Applied Mathematics. Volume 20. Springer, New York, NY, USA; 1995:ix+337.
Birkhoff GD: Quantum mechanics and asymptotic series. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 1933, 39(10):681-700. 10.1090/S0002-9904-1933-05716-6
Braun PA: WKB method for three-term recursion relations and quasienergies of an anharmonic oscillator. Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 1979, 37(3):1070-1081.
Costin O, Costin R: Rigorous WKB for finite-order linear recurrence relations with smooth coefficients. SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 1996, 27(1):110-134. 10.1137/S0036141093248037
Dingle RB, Morgan GJ:
methods for difference equations—I. Applied Scientific Research 1967, 18: 221-237.
Geronimo JS, Smith DT: WKB (Liouville-Green) analysis of second order difference equations and applications. Journal of Approximation Theory 1992, 69(3):269-301. 10.1016/0021-9045(92)90003-7
Wilmott P: A note on the WKB method for difference equations. IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 1985, 34(3):295-302. 10.1093/imamat/34.3.295
Aulbach B, Hilger S: Linear dynamic processes with inhomogeneous time scale. In Nonlinear Dynamics and Quantum Dynamical Systems (Gaussig, 1990), Mathematical Research. Volume 59. Akademie, Berlin, Germany; 1990:9-20.
Bohner M, Peterson A: Dynamic Equations on Time Scales: An Introduction with Application. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass, USA; 2001:x+358.
Hilger S: Analysis on measure chains—a unified approach to continuous and discrete calculus. Results in Mathematics 1990, 18(1-2):18-56.
Hovhannisyan G:Asymptotic stability for
linear dynamic systems on time scales. International Journal of Difference Equations 2007, 2(1):105-121.
Littlewood JE: Lorentz's pendulum problem. Annals of Physics 1963, 21(2):233-242. 10.1016/0003-4916(63)90107-6
Wasow W: Adiabatic invariance of a simple oscillator. SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 1973, 4(1):78-88. 10.1137/0504009
Hovhannisyan G, Taroyan Y:Adiabatic invariant for
-connected linear oscillators. Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis 1997, 31(6):47-57.
Hovhannisyan G: Error estimates for asymptotic solutions of dynamic equations on time scales. In Proceedings of the 6th Mississippi State–UBA Conference on Differential Equations and Computational Simulations, 2007, San Marcos, Tex, USA, Electronic Journal of Differential Equations Conference. Volume 15. Southwest Texas State University; 159-162.
Acknowledgment
The author wants to thank Professor Ondrej Dosly for his comments that helped improving the original manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Hovhannisyan, G. WKB Estimates for Linear Dynamic Systems on Time Scales.
Adv Differ Equ 2008, 712913 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/712913
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/712913
Keywords
- Direct Calculation
- Vector Function
- Recurrence Relation
- Matrix Function
- Fundamental Matrix