- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
Strictly Increasing Solutions of Nonautonomous Difference Equations Arising in Hydrodynamics
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2010, Article number: 714891 (2010)
Abstract
The paper provides conditions sufficient for the existence of strictly increasing solutions of the second-order nonautonomous difference equation , , where is a parameter and is Lipschitz continuous and has three real zeros . In particular we prove that for each sufficiently small there exists a solution such that is increasing, and . The problem is motivated by some models arising in hydrodynamics.
1. Formulation of Problem
We will investigate the following second-order non-autonomous difference equation
where is supposed to fulfil
Let us note that means that for each there exists such that for all . A simple example of a function satisfying (1.2)–(1.4) is , where is a positive constant.
A sequence which satisfies (1.1) is called a solution of (1.1). For each values there exists a unique solution of (1.1) satisfying the initial conditions
Then is called a solution of problem (1.1), (1.5).
In [1] we have shown that (1.1) is a discretization of differential equations which generalize some models arising in hydrodynamics or in the nonlinear field theory; see [2–6]. Increasing solutions of (1.1), (1.5) with has a fundamental role in these models. Therefore, in [1], we have described the set of all solutions of problem (1.1), (1.6), where
In this paper, using [1], we will prove that for each sufficiently small there exists at least one such that the corresponding solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) fulfils
Note that an autonomous case of (1.1) was studied in [7]. We would like to point out that recently there has been a huge interest in studying the existence of monotonous and nontrivial solutions of nonlinear difference equations. For papers during last three years see, for example, [8–22]. A lot of other interesting references can be found therein.
2. Four Types of Solutions
Here we present some results of [1] which we need in next sections. In particular, we will use the following definitions and lemmas.
Definition 2.1.
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) such that
Then is called a damped solution.
Definition 2.2.
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) which fulfils
Then is called a homoclinic solution.
Definition 2.3.
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6). Assume that there exists , such that is increasing and
Then is called an escape solution.
Definition 2.4.
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6). Assume that there exists , , such that is increasing and
Then is called a non-monotonous solution.
Lemma 2.5 (see [1] (on four types of solutions)).
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6). Then is just one of the following four types:
-
(I)
is an escape solution;
-
(II)
is a homoclinic solution;
-
(III)
is a damped solution;
-
(IV)
is a non-monotonous solution.
Lemma 2.6 (see [1] (estimates of solutions)).
Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6). Then there exists a maximal satisfying
Further, if , then moreover
for if , and for if , where
In [1] we have proved that the set consisting of damped and non-monotonous solutions of problem (1.1), (1.6) is nonempty for each sufficiently small . This is contained in the next lemma.
Lemma 2.7 (see [1] (on the existence of non-monotonous or damped solutions)).
Let , where is defined by (1.4). There exists such that if , then the corresponding solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) is non-monotonous or damped.
In Section 4 of this paper we prove that also the set of escape solutions of problem (1.1), (1.6) is nonempty for each sufficiently small . Note that in our next paper [23] we prove this assertion for the set of homoclinic solutions.
3. Properties of Solutions
Now, we provide other properties of solutions important in the investigation of escape solutions.
Lemma 3.1.
Let be an escape solution of problem (1.1), (1.6). Then is increasing.
Proof.
Due to (1.1), fulfils
According to Definition 2.3 there exists , such that is increasing and (2.3) holds. By (1.3) we get . Consequently, by (3.1) and (2.3), and . Similarly and
This yields that is increasing.
Lemma 3.2.
Assume that for . Choose an arbitrary . Let and let and be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) with and , respectively. Let be the Lipschitz constant for on . Then
where , .
Proof.
By (3.1) we have
Summing it for , we get by (1.6)
Summing it again for , we get
and similarly
From this and by using summation by parts we easily obtain
By the discrete analogue of the Gronwall-Bellman inequality (see, e.g., [24, Lemma ]), we get
which yields (3.3).
By (3.6) and (3.3) we have for , ,
4. Existence of Escape Solutions
Lemma 4.1.
Assume that and . Let be a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) with , . For choose a maximal such that for if is finite, and for if , and is increasing if . Then there exists such that for any there exists a unique , , such that
Moreover, if the sequence is unbounded, then there exists such that the solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) with is an escape solution.
Proof.
Choose such that
For denote by a solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) with . The existence of is guaranteed by Lemma 2.6. By Lemma 2.5, is just one of the types (I)–(IV), and if , then the monotonicity of yields a unique , , satisfying (4.1).
For , consider the sequence and assume that it is unbounded. Then we have
(otherwise we take a subsequence.) Assume on the contrary that for any , is not an escape solution. Choose . If is damped, then by Definition 2.1, we have and
If is homoclinic, then by Definition 2.2, we have and
If is non-monotonous, then by Definition 2.4, we have and
To summarize if is not an escape solution, then by (4.4), (4.5), and (4.6), we have
Since , there exists satisfying
Consider (3.5) with . By dividing it by , multiplying such obtained equality by and summing in from 1 to we get
Denote
Then we get
Let us put and to (4.11) and subtract. By (4.7) and (4.8) we get
Let us put and to (4.10) and subtract. We get
Choose and such that
Let . Then (4.6) holds. Since , and , (3.1) yields
and hence
Clearly, if , then by (4.4) and (4.5), inequality (4.16) holds, as well. By (1.2), is integrable on . So, having in mind (4.1), we can find such that if
then
Therefore, due to (1.3) and (4.7),
Let be such that
If , then (2.7) implies (4.17) and hence (4.19) holds.
Now, let us put and choose . Then, (4.2), (4.14), (4.20), and (4.13)–(4.19) yield
Finally, (4.12) and (4.21) imply
Letting , we obtain, by (4.3), that , contrary to (4.17). Therefore an escape solution of problem (1.1), (1.6) with must exist.
Now, we are in a position to prove the next main result.
Theorem 4.2 (On the existence of escape solutions).
There exists such that for any the initial value problem (1.1), (1.6) has an escape solution for some .
Proof.
We have the following steps.
Step 1.
Let us define
and consider an auxiliary equation
Let be the constant of Lemma 4.1 for problem (4.24), (1.6). Choose , and let be the Lipschitz constant for on . Consider a sequence such that . Then, for each there exists such that
Let for . Then the sequence is the unique solution of problem (4.24), (1.6) with . Let be a solution of problem (4.24), (1.6) with , , and let be the sequence corresponding to by Lemma 4.1. We prove that is unbounded. According to Lemma 3.2, for each ,
Consequently, (4.25) and (4.26) give
and hence
Therefore
which yields that is unbounded. By Lemma 4.1, the auxiliary initial value problem (4.24), (1.6) has an escape solution for some . Denote this solution by .
Step 2.
By Definition 2.3, there exists such that
Now, consider the solution of our original problem (1.1), (1.6) with . Due to (4.23), for . Using (4.30) and Definition 2.3, we get that is an escape solution of problem (1.1), (1.6).
References
Rachůnek L: On four types of solutions. submitted, http://phoenix.inf.upol.cz/~rachunekl/mathair/rr7.pdf
Berestycki H, Lions P-L, Peletier LA:An ODE approach to the existence of positive solutions for semilinear problems in . Indiana University Mathematics Journal 1981,30(1):141-157. 10.1512/iumj.1981.30.30012
Derrick GH: Comments on nonlinear wave equations as models for elementary particles. Journal of Mathematical Physics 1964, 5: 1252-1254. 10.1063/1.1704233
Dell'Isola F, Gouin H, Rotoli G: Nucleation of spherical shell-like interfaces by second gradient theory: numerical simulations. European Journal of Mechanics—B/Fluids 1996, 15: 545-568.
Gouin H, Rotoli G: An analytical approximation of density profile and surface tension of microscopic bubbles for Van der Waals fluids. Mechanics Research Communications 1997, 24: 255-260. 10.1016/S0093-6413(97)00022-0
Kitzhofer G, Koch O, Lima P, Weinmüller E: Efficient numerical solution of the density profile equation in hydrodynamics. Journal of Scientific Computing 2007,32(3):411-424. 10.1007/s10915-007-9141-0
Rachůnek L, Rachůnková I: On a homoclinic point of some autonomous second-order difference equation. submitted to Journal of Difference Equations and Applications
Amleh AM, Camouzis E, Ladas G: On second-order rational difference equation. I. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2007,13(11):969-1004. 10.1080/10236190701388492
Berenhaut KS, Stević S:The difference equation has solutions converging to zero. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2007,326(2):1466-1471. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.02.088
Berg L:On the asymptotics of the difference equation . Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2008,14(1):105-108. 10.1080/10236190701503041
Gutnik L, Stević S: On the behaviour of the solutions of a second-order difference equation. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2007, 2007:-14.
Hu L-X, Li W-T, Stević S: Global asymptotic stability of a second order rational difference equation. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2008,14(8):779-797. 10.1080/10236190701827945
Iričanin B, Stević S: Eventually constant solutions of a rational difference equation. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2009,215(2):854-856. 10.1016/j.amc.2009.05.044
Rachůnková I, Rachůnek L: Singular discrete problem arising in the theory of shallow membrane caps. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2008,14(7):747-767. 10.1080/10236190701843371
Rachůnková I, Rachůnek L: Singular discrete and continuous mixed boundary value problems. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2009,49(3-4):413-422. 10.1016/j.mcm.2008.09.004
Rachůnek L, Rachůnková I: Approximation of differential problems with singularities and time discontinuities. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2009, 71: e1448-e1460. 10.1016/j.na.2009.01.183
Rouhani BD, Khatibzadeh H: A note on the asymptotic behavior of solutions to a second order difference equation. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2008,14(4):429-432. 10.1080/10236190701825162
Stević S: Asymptotics of some classes of higher-order difference equations. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2007, 2007:-20.
Stević S: Asymptotic periodicity of a higher-order difference equation. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2007, 2007:-9.
Stević S: Existence of nontrivial solutions of a rational difference equation. Applied Mathematics Letters 2007,20(1):28-31. 10.1016/j.aml.2006.03.002
Stević S: Nontrivial solutions of higher-order rational difference equations. Matematicheskie Zametki 2008,84(5):772-780.
Sun T, Xi H, Quan W: Existence of monotone solutions of a difference equation. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2008, 2008:-8.
Rachůnek L, Rachůnková I: Homoclinic solutions of non-autonomous difference equations arising in hydrodynamics. in preparation
Elaydi SN: An Introduction to Difference Equations, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. 2nd edition. Springer, New York, NY, USA; 1999:xviii+427.
Acknowledgments
The paper was supported by the Council of Czech Government MSM 6198959214. The authors thank the referees for valuable comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Rachůnek, L., Rachůnková, I. Strictly Increasing Solutions of Nonautonomous Difference Equations Arising in Hydrodynamics. Adv Differ Equ 2010, 714891 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/714891
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/714891