Skip to main content

Theory and Modern Applications

Asymptotic behavior of impulsive non-autonomous delay difference equations with continuous variables

Abstract

In this article, a class of impulsive non-autonomous delay difference equations with continuous variables is considered. By establishing a delay difference inequality with impulsive initial conditions and using the decomposition approach, we obtain the attracting and invariant sets of the equations.

Introduction

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the study of the asymptotic behavior and other behaviors of the difference equations with continuous variables in which the unknown function is a function of a continuous variable. In particular, delay effects on the asymptotic behavior and other behaviors of this kind of equations have widely been studied in the literature [17].

However, besides delay effects, impulsive effects likewise exist in a wide variety of evolutionary process, in which states are changed abruptly at certain moments of time. Recently, impulsive delay difference equations have extensively been studied by many authors. For example, the reader is referred to [813]. Unfortunately, impulsive delay difference equations with continuous variables are not well developed due to some theoretical and technical difficulties. Some sufficient conditions for the existence of the invariant and attracting sets of impulsive delay difference equations with continuous variables are obtained in [14, 15]. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no results on the corresponding problems for impulsive non-autonomous delay difference equations with continuous variables. With motivation from the above discussions, this article is devoted to the discussion of this problem. By establishing a delay difference inequality with impulsive initial conditions and using the decomposition approach, we obtain the attracting and invariant sets of the equations.

Preliminaries

Let n ( + n ) be the space of n-dimensional (non-negative) real column vectors, m × n ( + m × n ) be the set of m×n (non-negative) real matrices, E be the n-dimensional unit matrix, and |·| be the Euclidean norm of n. For A, B m×nor A, B n, AB(AB, A > B, A < B) means that each pair of corresponding elements of A and B satisfies the inequality " ≥ (≤, >, <)". Especially, A is called a non-negative matrix if A ≥ 0, and z is called a positive vector if z > 0. N { 1 , 2 , n } and ϱ(A) denotes the spectral radius of A.

C[X, Y ] denotes the space of continuous mappings from the topological space X to the topological space Y. Especially, let C C[[-τ2, 0], n], where τ2 > 0.

P C [ J , n ] = ψ : J n ψ ( s ) is continuous for all but at most countable points s J and at these points  s J , ψ ( s + ) and ψ ( s - ) exist , ψ ( s ) = ψ ( s + ) ,

where J is an interval, and ψ(s+) and ψ(s-) denote the right- and left-hand limits of the the function ψ(s), respectively. Especially, let PC PC[[-τ2, 0], n].

In this article, we consider the following impulsive non-autonomous delay difference equation with continuous variable

{ x i ( t ) = a i ( t ) x i ( t τ 1 ) + j = 1 n a i j ( t ) f j ( ( x j ( t τ 2 ) ) , t t k , t t 0 , i N , x i ( t ) = J i k ( x i ( t ) ) , t t 0 , t = t k , k = 1 , 2 , , i N , x i ( t 0 + θ ) = ϕ i ( θ ) , ϕ i P C [ [ τ 2 , 0 ] , ] , θ [ τ 2 , 0 ] ,
(1)

where a i (t) = a i h(t) and a ij (t) = a ij h(t), a i and a ij are real constants, h(t) ≤ 1 is a positive integral function and satisfies sup t t 0 t - τ 2 t h ( s ) ds= H 2 < and lim t t 0 t h ( s ) ds=. τ1 and τ2 are positive real numbers such that τ1 < τ2. t k (k = 1, 2,...) is an impulsive sequence such that t1 < t2 <..., limk→∞t k = ∞. f j and J ik : are real-valued functions. Moreover, we assume that f j (0) = 0 and J ik (0) = 0, then system (1) admits an equilibrium solution x(t) ≡ 0.

By the solution of (1), we mean a piecewise continuous real-valued function x i (t) defined on the interval [t0 - τ2, ) which satisfies (1) for all tt0.

By the method of steps, one can easily see that, for any given initial function ϕ i PC[[-τ2, 0], ], there exists a unique solution x i (t), iN, of (1).

For convenience, we rewrite the system (1) as the following vector form

x ( t ) = h ( t ) [ A 0 x ( t - τ 1 ) + A f ( x ( t - τ 2 ) ) ] , t t k , t t 0 , x ( t ) = J k ( x ( t - ) ) , t t 0 , t = t k , k = 1 , 2 , , x ( t 0 + θ ) = ϕ ( θ ) , θ [ - τ 2 , 0 ] ,
(2)

where x(t) = (x1(t),..., x n (t))T , A0 = diag{a1,..., a n }, A = (a ij )n×n, f(x) = (f1(x1),..., f n (x n ))T, J k (x) = (J1k(x1),..., J nk (x n ))T , and ϕ = (ϕ1,..., ϕ n )T PC.

Definition 2.1. The set S PC is called a positive invariant set of (2), if for any initial value ϕ S, the solution x t (t0, ϕ) S, tt0, where x t (t0, ϕ) = x(t + s, t0, ϕ) PC, s [-τ2, 0].

Definition 2.2. The set S PC is called a global attracting set of (2), if for any initial value ϕ PC, the solution x(t, t0, ϕ) satisfies

dist ( x ( t , t 0 , ϕ ) , S ) 0, as t+,

where dist(ϕ, S) = infψSdist(ϕ, ψ), dist(ϕ, ψ) = supθ[-τ2,0] (θ) - ψ(θ)|, for ψ PC.

Definition 2.3. System (2) is said to be globally exponentially stable if for any solution x(t, t0, ϕ), there exist constants λ0 > 0 and κ0 ≥ 0 such that,

|x ( t , t 0 , ϕ ) | κ 0 ||ϕ|| e - λ 0 ( t - t 0 ) ,t t 0 ,

where | | | | = sup θ [ τ 2 , 0 ] | ( s ) | .

Following [16], we split the matrices A0, A into two parts, respectively,

A 0 = A 0 + - A 0 - ,A= A + - A -

with a i + = max a i , 0 , a i - = max { - a i , 0 } , a i j + = max { a i j , 0 } , a i j - = max { - a i j , 0 } .

Set y = -x, g(u) = -f(-u). Then, by a similar argument with [15], we can get the following equations from the first equation of (2)

v ( t ) =h ( t ) [ A 0 v ( t - τ 1 ) + A ξ ( v ( t - τ 2 ) ) ] ,
(3)

where

v ( t ) = { x ( t ) y ( t ) } , ξ ( v ( t ) ) = { f ( x ( t ) ) g ( y ( t ) ) } , A 0 = { A 0 + A 0 A 0 A 0 + } , A = { A + A A A + } .

Set I k (u) = -J k (-u); in view of the impulsive part of (2), we have

v ( t k ) = ω k ( v ( t k - ) ) ,k=1,2,,
(4)

where ω k (v) = (J k (x)T , I k (y(t)T)T.

Lemma 2.1. [17, 18]If M + n × n and ϱ(M) < 1, then (E - M) -1 ≥ 0.

Lemma 2.2. [18]Suppose that M + n × n and ϱ(M) < 1, then there exists a positive vector z such that (E - M) z > 0.

For M + n × n and ϱ(M) < 1, we denote

Ω ϱ ( M ) = { z n | ( E - M ) z > 0 , z > 0 } .

In order to discuss the asymptotic behavior of (2), and for the brevity of later discussion, we list all our conditions as follows.

(A1) For any x, y n , there exists a non-negative diagonal matrix P ̄ and vector μ = (μ1,..., μ n )T ≥ 0 such that

f ( x ) -f ( y ) P ̄ ( x - y ) +μ.
(5)

(A2) For any x, y n, there exist nonnegative matrices R k such that

J k ( x ) - J k ( y ) R k ( x - y ) ,k=1,2,.
(6)

(A3) Let ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) < 1 , where P= diag { P ̄ , P ̄ } .

(A4) There exists a constant γ such that

ln γ k t k - l t k h ( s ) d s γ < λ , k = 1 , 2 , ,
(7)

where the scalar λ satisfies 0 < λ and is determined by the following inequality

( A 0 e λ H 1 + A P e λ H 2 - E ) z0,
(8)

where z= ( z 1 , , z 2 n ) T Ω ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) , and

γ k 1 and γ k z R k z, R k = diag { R k , R k } ,k=1,2,.
(9)

(A5) Let

σ = k = 1 ln σ k < , k = 1 , 2 , ,
(10)

where σ k ≥ 1 satisfy

R k ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ σ k ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ,
(11)

where Λ = (μT, μT)T.

Main results

In this section, we will give the main results of this article. The proofs of these results are placed in the following section for the sake of brevity.

Theorem 3.1. Let P = (p ij )n×n, W= ( w i j ) n × n + n × n , I= ( I 1 , , I n ) T + n , and u(t) n be a solution of the following delay difference inequality with the initial condition u(t0 + θ) = ϕ(θ), θ [-τ2, 0] ϕ PC,

u ( t ) h ( t ) [ P u ( t - τ 1 ) + W u ( t - τ 2 ) + I ] ,t t 0 ,
(12)

where τ2 > τ1, h(t) ≤ 1 is a positive integral function and sup t t 0 t - τ 2 t h ( s ) ds= H 2 <and lim t t 0 t h ( s ) ds=.

If ϱ(P + W) < 1, then there exists a positive vector z = (z1, z2,..., z n )T such that

u ( t ) κ z e - λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + ( E - P - W ) - 1 I , t t 0 ,
(13)

provided that the initial condition satisfies

u ( t ) κ z e λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + ( E P W ) 1 I , κ 0 , t [ t 0 τ 2 , t 0 ] ,
(14)

where the positive number λ > 0 is determined by the following inequality

( P e λ H 1 + W e λ H 2 - E ) z0,
(15)

where H 1 sup t t 0 t - τ 1 t h ( s ) ds. Clearly, H1 < H2 < ∞.

Theorem 3.2. If (A1)-(A5) hold, then S = { ϕ P C | - e σ N 2 ϕ e σ N 1 } is a global attracting set of (2), where N 1 , N 2 n and ( N 1 T , N 2 T ) T = N ^ = ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ.

Theorem 3.3. If (A1)-(A3) with R k E hold, then S= { ϕ P C | - N 2 ϕ N 1 } is a positive invariant set and also a global attracting set of (2), where N 1 , N 2 n and ( N 1 T , N 2 T ) T = N ^ = ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ

For the case I = 0, we easily observe x(t) 0 is a solution of (2) from (A1) and (A2). In the following, we give the attractivity of the zero solution and the proof is similar to that of Theorem 3.2.

Corollary 3.1. If (A1)-(A4) hold with I = 0, then the zero solution of (2) is globally exponentially stable.

Proofs of main results

Proof of Theorem 3.1. Since P, W + n × n and ϱ(P + W) < 1, by Lemma 2.2, there exists a positive vector z Ω ϱ (P + W) such that (E - P - W)) z > 0. By continuity, we know that (15) has at least one positive solution λ, i.e.,

j = 1 n [ p i j e λ H 1 + w i j e λ H 2 ] z j z i , i N .
(16)

Set

u ( t ) =v ( t ) e - λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s +N,t t 0 - τ 2 ,
(17)

where N = (E - P - W)-1I; substituting (17) into (12), we have

v ( t ) e - λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + N h ( t ) [ P ( v ( t - τ 1 ) e - λ t 0 t - τ 1 h ( s ) d s + N ) + W ( v ( t - τ 2 ) e - λ t 0 t - τ 2 h ( s ) d s + N ) + I ] .
(18)

Then, by (18) and h(t) ≤ 1, we obtain

v ( t ) h ( t ) [ P v ( t - τ 1 ) e λ t - τ 1 t h ( s ) d s + W v ( t - τ 2 ) e λ t - τ 2 t h ( s ) d s ] .
(19)

By (14) and (17), we get that

v ( θ ) κz,θ [ t 0 - τ 2 , t 0 ] .
(20)

Next, we will prove for any tt0,

v ( t ) κz.
(21)

To prove (21), we first prove that for any positive constant ε,

v ( t ) < ( 1 + ε ) κ z , t t 0 .
(22)

If (22) is not true, then there must be a t* > t0 and some integer r such that

v ( t ) < ( 1 + ε ) κ z , for t [ t 0 , t * ) , v r ( t * ) = ( 1 + ε ) κ z r .
(23)

By using (16) and (19), we obtain that

( 1 + ε ) κ z r = v r ( t * ) h ( t * ) j = 1 n [ p r j v j ( t * τ 1 ) e λ t * τ 1 t * h ( s ) d s + w r j v j ( t * τ 2 ) e λ t * τ 2 t * h ( s ) d s ] < h ( t * ) j = 1 n [ p r j e λ t * τ 1 t * h ( s ) d s + w r j e λ t * τ 2 t * h ( s ) d s ] ( 1 + ε ) κ z j h ( t * ) j = 1 n [ p r j e λ H 1 + w r j e λ H 2 ] ( 1 + ε ) κ z j ( 1 + ε ) κ z r

which is a contradiction. Hence, (22) holds for all numbers ε > 0; it follows immediately that (21) is always satisfied, which can easily be led to (13). This completes the proof.    □

Proof of Theorem 3.2. Since ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) <1, by Lemma 2.2, there exists a positive vector z Ω ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) such that ( E - ( A 0 + A P ) ) z>0. Using continuity, we obtain that inequality (8) has at least one positive solution λ.

From (5) and Condition (6), we can claim that for any v 2n,

ξ ( v ) Pv+Λ,
(24)

and

ω k ( v ) R k v ( t k - ) ,k=1,2,,
(25)

where Λ = (μT, μT)T.

So by using (3) and (4) and taking into account (24) and (25), we get

v ( t ) h ( t ) [ A 0 v ( t - τ 1 ) + A P v ( t - τ 2 ) + A Λ ] ,
(26)

and

v ( t k ) R k v ( t k - ) ,k=1,2,,
(27)

respectively.

Noting ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) <1 and A 0 , A P + n × n , then, by Lemma 2.1, we can get ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 0 and N ^ ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ0.

For the initial conditions: x(t0 + θ) = ϕ(θ), θ [-τ2, 0], where ϕ PC, we have

v ( t ) κ 0 z e λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s κ 0 z e λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + N ^ , t [ t 0 τ 2 , t 0 ] ,
(28)

where

κ 0 = | | ϕ | | min 1 i 2 n { z i } , z Ω ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) .

Then, all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied by (26), (28), and Condition (A3), we derive that

v ( t ) κ 0 z e - λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + N ^ ,t [ t 0 , t 1 ) .
(29)

Suppose for all ι = 1,..., k, the inequalities

v ( t ) γ 0 γ ι 1 κ 0 z e λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + σ 0 σ ι 1 N ^ , t [ t ι 1 , t ι ) ,
(30)

hold, where γ0 = σ0 = 1. Then, from (9), (11), (30), and (A2), the impulsive part of (2) satisfies that

v ( t k ) R k v ( t k - ) R k [ γ 0 γ k - 1 κ 0 z e - λ t 0 t k h ( s ) d s + σ 0 σ k - 1 N ^ ] γ 0 γ k - 1 γ k κ 0 z e - λ t 0 t k h ( s ) d s + σ 0 σ k - 1 σ k N ^ .
(31)

This, together with (30) and γ k , σ k ≥ 1, leads to

v ( t ) γ 0 γ k 1 γ k κ 0 z e λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + σ 0 σ k 1 σ k N ^ , t [ t k τ 2 , t k ] .
(32)

On the other hand,

v ( t ) h ( t ) [ A 0 v ( t τ 1 ) + A P v ( t τ 2 ) + σ 0 , σ k A Λ ] , t t k .
(33)

It follows from (32)-(33) and Theorem 3.1 that

v ( t ) γ 0 γ k 1 γ k κ 0 z e λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + σ 0 σ k 1 σ k N ^ , t [ t k , t k + 1 ) .
(34)

By the mathematical induction, we can conclude that

v ( t ) γ 0 γ k 1 κ 0 z e λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + σ 0 σ k 1 N ^ , t [ t k 1 , t k ) , k = 1 , 2 , .
(35)

From (7) and (10),

γ k e γ t k - 1 t k h ( s ) d s , σ 0 σ k - 1 e σ ,

we can use (35) to conclude that

v ( t ) e γ t 0 t 1 h ( s ) d s e γ t k - 2 t k - 1 h ( s ) d s κ 0 z e - λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + σ 0 σ k - 1 N ^ κ 0 z e γ t 0 t h ( s ) d s e - λ t 0 t h ( s ) d s + e σ N ^ = κ 0 z e - ( λ - γ ) t 0 t h ( s ) d s + e σ N ^ , t [ t k - 1 , t k ) , k = 1 , 2 , .

This implies that the conclusion of the theorem holds and the proof is complete.    □

Proof of Theorem 3.3. Similarly, the inequality (8) holds by (A3). For the initial conditions: x(t0 + s) = ϕ(s), s [-τ2, 0], where ϕ S, we have

v ( t ) ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ,t [ t 0 - τ 2 , t 0 ] .
(36)

By (36) and Theorem 3.1 with κ = 0, we have

v ( t ) ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ,t [ t 0 , t 1 ) .
(37)

Then, from (27) and R k E,

v ( t 1 ) R 1 v ( t 1 - ) Ev ( t 1 - ) ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ.
(38)

Thus,

v ( t ) ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ,t [ t 1 - τ 2 , t 1 ] .
(39)

Using Theorem 3.1 again, we obtain

v ( t ) ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ,t [ t 1 , t 2 ) .
(40)

By introduction, we have

v ( t ) ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 AΛ,t [ t k - 1 , t k ) ,k=1,2,.
(41)

Therefore, S= { ϕ P C | - N 2 ϕ N 1 } is a positive invariant set. Since k E, a direct calculation shows that γ k = σ k = 1 and σ = 0 in Theorem 3.2. It follows from Theorem 3.2 that the set S is also a global attracting set of (2). The proof is complete.    □

Illustrative example

The following illustrative example will demonstrate the effectiveness of our results.

Example 4.1 Consider the following impulsive delay difference equation:

x 1 ( t ) = ( 1 + cos 2 t ) [ 1 4 x 1 ( t - 1 ) + 1 3 x 2 ( t - 2 ) + 2 ] x 2 ( t ) = ( 1 + cos 2 t ) [ - 1 4 x 2 ( t - 1 ) + 1 5 x 1 ( t - 2 ) + 2 ] , t t k ,
(42)

with

x 1 ( t k ) = α 1 k x 1 ( t k - ) - β 1 k x 2 ( t k - ) x 2 ( t k ) = β 2 k x 1 ( t k - ) + α 2 k x 2 ( t k - ) ,

where α ik and β ik are non-negative constants, and the impulsive sequence t k (k = 1, 2,...) satisfy: t1 < t2 < · · · , limk→∞t k = .

The parameters of (A1)-(A3) are as follows:

A 0 = 1 4 0 0 - 1 4 , A = 0 1 3 1 5 0 , P ̄ = 10 01 , μ = 2 2 , R k = α 1 k β 1 k β 2 k α 2 k , A 0 = 1 4 000 000 1 4 00 1 4 0 0 1 4 00 , A = 0 1 3 00 1 5 000 000 1 3 00 1 5 0 , R k = α 1 k β 1 k 0 0 β 2 k α 2 k 0 0 0 0 α 1 k β 1 k 0 0 β 2 k α 2 k ,

and P= diag{ 1,1,1,1} .

It is easy to prove that ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) =0.5082<1 and

Ω ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) = ( z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 ) T > 0 3 4 z 1 - 1 3 z 2 > 0 - 1 5 z 1 + z 2 - 1 4 z 4 > 0 3 4 z 3 - 1 3 z 4 > 0 - 1 4 z 2 - 1 5 z 3 + z 4 > 0 .

Let z= ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) T Ω ϱ ( A 0 + A P ) and λ = 0.05 which satisfies the inequality

( A 0 e λ H 1 + A P λ H 2 - E ) z0,

where, 1 H 1 = t - 1 t ( 1 + cos 2 t ) d s 2 , 2 H 2 = t - 2 t ( 1 + cos 2 t ) d s 4 .

Let γ k = 3 max{α1k+ β1k, α2k+ β2k}, then γ k satisfy γ k zR k z, k = 1, 2,....

Case 4.1. Let α 1 k = α 2 k = 1 9 e 1 25 k , β 1 k = β 2 k = 2 9 e 1 25 k and t k - tk-1= 2k, then γ k = e 1 25 k 1 and

ln γ k t k - l t k h ( s ) d s = ln γ k t k - 1 t k ( 1 + cos 2 t ) d s ln e 1 25 k 2 k = 1 25 k × 2 k 0 . 02 = γ < λ .

By simple computation, we know that σ k = e 1 25 k 1 , σ = k = 1 ln σ k = k = 1 ln e 1 25 k = 1 24 , R k ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 A Λ = e 1 25 k ( 0 . 3361 , 0 . 3810 , 0 . 3361 , 0 . 3810 ) T , σ k ( E - A 0 - A P ) - 1 A Λ = e 1 25 k ( 1 . 2773 , 0 . 8739 , 1 . 2773 , 0 . 8739 ) T .

Clearly, all conditions of Theorem 3.2 are satisfied. So S = { ϕ P C | ( 1.2773 e 1 24 , 0.8739 e 1 24 ) T ϕ ( 1.2773 e 1 24 , 0.8739 e 1 24 ) T is a global attracting set of (42).

Case 4.2. Let α 1 k = α 2 k = 1 9 e 1 2 k and β1k= β2k= 0, then R k = 1 9 e 1 2 k E E . Therefore, by Theorem 3.3, S = {ϕ PC| - (1.2773, 0.8739)Tϕ ≤ (1.2773, 0.8739)T is a positive invariant set and also a global attracting set of (42).

Case 4.3. If μ = 0 and let α 1 k = α 2 k = 1 3 e 0 . 04 k and β 1 k = β 2 k = 2 3 e 0 . 04 k , then γ k = e0.04k≥ 1 and

ln γ k t k - l t k h ( s ) d s = ln γ k t k - 1 t k ( 1 + cos 2 t ) d s ln e 0 . 04 k 2 k =0.02=γ<λ.

Clearly, all conditions of Corollary 3.1 are satisfied. Therefore, by Corollary 3.1, the zero solution of (42) is globally exponentially stable.

References

  1. Deng JQ: A note on oscillation of second-order nonlinear difference equation with continuous variable. J Math Anal Appl 2003, 280: 188–194. 10.1016/S0022-247X(03)00068-4

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Deng JQ: Existence for continuous nonoscillatory solutions of second-order nonlinear difference equations with continuous variable. Math Comput Model 2007, 46: 670–679. 10.1016/j.mcm.2006.11.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Deng JQ, Xu ZJ: Bounded continuous nonoscillatory solutions of second-order nonlinear difference equations with continuous variable. J Math Anal Appl 2007, 333: 1203–1215. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.12.038

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Ladas G: Recent developments in the oscillation of delay difference equations. Differential Equations. Lect Notes Prue Appl Math 1991, 127: 321–332.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Philos CHG, Purnaras IK: An asymptotic result for some delay difference equations with continuous variable. Adv Diff Equ 2004, 1: 1–10.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Philos CHG, Purnaras IK: On non-autonomous linear difference equations with continuous variable. J Diff Equ Appl 2006, 12: 651–668. 10.1080/10236190600652360

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Philos CHG, Purnaras IK: On the behavior of the solutions to autonomous linear difference equations with continuous variable. Arch Math (BRNO) 2007, 43: 133–155.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Peng MS: Oscillation theorems of second-order nonlinear neutral delay difference equations with impulses. Comput Math Appl 2002, 44: 741–748. 10.1016/S0898-1221(02)00187-6

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Peng MS: Oscillation criteria for second-order impulsive delay difference equations. Appl Math Comput 2003, 146: 227–235. 10.1016/S0096-3003(02)00539-8

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang QQ: On a linear delay difference equation with impulses. Ann Diff Equ 2002, 18: 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zhang H, Chen LS: Oscillation criteria for a class of second-order impulsive delay difference equations. Adv Complex Syst 2006, 9: 69–76. 10.1142/S0219525906000677

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang Y, Sun JT, Feng G: Impulsive control of discrete systems with time delay. IEEE Trans Autom Control 2009, 54: 830–834.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhu W, Xu DY, Yang ZC: Global exponential stability of impulsive delay difference equation. Appl Math Comput 2006, 181: 65–72. 10.1016/j.amc.2006.01.015

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Ma ZX, Xu LG: Asymptotic behavior of impulsive infinite delay difference equations with continuous variables. Adv Diff Equ 2009, 1: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zhu W: Invariant and attracting sets of impulsive delay difference equations with continuous variables. Comput Math Appl 2008, 55: 2732–2739. 10.1016/j.camwa.2007.10.020

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Chu TG, Zhang ZD, Wang ZL: A decomposition approach to analysis of competitive-cooperative neural networks with delay. Phys Lett A 2003, 312: 339–347. 10.1016/S0375-9601(03)00692-3

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Horn RA, Johnson CR: Matrix Analysis. Cambridge University Press, London; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lasalle JP: The Stability of Dynamical System. SIAM, Philadelphia; 1976.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank several anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions and helpful comments. The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 10971147 and 11101367.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Danhua He.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

DH provided the main idea of this article and carried out the main proof of the theorems. QM carried out the proof of Theorem 3.1. All authors read and approve the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

He, D., Ma, Q. Asymptotic behavior of impulsive non-autonomous delay difference equations with continuous variables. Adv Differ Equ 2012, 118 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-118

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-118

Keywords