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Theory and Modern Applications

Approximate -derivations on fuzzy Banach -algebras

Abstract

In this paper, we establish functional equations of -derivations and prove the stability of -derivations on fuzzy Banach -algebras. We also prove the superstability of -derivations on fuzzy Banach -algebras.

MSC:39B52, 47B47, 46L05, 39B72.

1 Introduction

Let A be a Banach -algebra. A linear mapping δ:D(δ)A is said to be a derivation on A if δ(ab)=δ(a)b+aδ(b) for all a,bA, where D(δ) is a domain of δ and D(δ) is dense in A. If δ satisfies the additional condition δ( a )=δ ( a ) for all aA, then δ is called a -derivation on A. It is well known that if A is a C -algebra and D(δ) is A, then the -derivation δ is bounded. For several reasons, the theory of bounded derivations of C -algebras is very important in the theory of quantum mechanics and operator algebras [3, 4].

A functional equation is called stable if any function satisfying a functional equation “approximately” is near to a true solution of the functional equation. We say that a functional equation is superstable if every approximate solution is an exact solution of it.

In 1940, Ulam [24] proposed the following question concerning stability of group homomorphisms: Under what condition is there an additive mapping near an approximately additive mapping? Hyers [8] answered positively the problem of Ulam for the case where G 1 and G 2 are Banach spaces. A generalized version of the theorem of Hyers for an approximately linear mapping was given by ThM Rassias [20]. Since then, the stability problems of various functional equations have been extensively investigated by a number of authors (for instances, [1, 2, 9, 10, 19, 20]). In particular, those of the important functional equations are the following functional equations:

(1.1)
(1.2)

which are called the Cauchy equation and the Jensen equation, respectively. Every solution of the functional equations (1.1) and (1.2) is said to be an additive mapping.

Since Katsaras [14] introduced the idea of fuzzy norm on a linear space, several definitions for a fuzzy norm on a linear space have been introduced and discussed from different points of view [57]. We use the definition of fuzzy normed spaces given in [5, 17] to investigate the stability of derivation in the fuzzy Banach -algebra setting. The stability of functional equations in fuzzy normed spaces was begun by [17], after then lots of results of fuzzy stability were investigated [11, 13, 16, 18].

Definition 1.1 [5, 17, 21]

Let X be a real vector space. A function N:X×R[0,1] is called a fuzzy norm on X if for all x,yX and all s,tR,

( N 1 ) N(x,t)=0 for t0;

( N 2 ) x=0 if and only if N(x,t)=1 for all t>0;

( N 3 ) N(cx,t)=N(x, t | c | ) if c0;

( N 4 ) N(x+y,s+t)min{N(x,s),N(y,t)};

( N 5 ) N(x,) is a non-decreasing function of R and lim t N(x,t)=1;

( N 6 ) for x0, N(x,) is continuous on R.

The pair (X,N) is called a fuzzy normed vector space.

Furthermore, we can make (X,N) a fuzzy normed -algebra if we add ( N 7 ) and ( N 8 ) as follows:

( N 7 ) N(xy,st)min{N(x,s),N(y,t)};

( N 8 ) N(x,t)=N( x ,t).

The properties and examples of fuzzy normed vector spaces, fuzzy algebras, and fuzzy norms are given in [17, 18, 22, 23].

Definition 1.2 [5, 17, 21]

Let (X,N) be a fuzzy normed vector space. A sequence { x n } in X is said to be convergent or converge if there exists an xX such that lim n N( x n x,t)=1 for all t>0. In this case, x is called the limit of the sequence { x n } and we denote it by N- lim n x n =x.

Definition 1.3 [5, 17, 21]

Let (X,N) be a fuzzy normed vector space. A sequence { x n } in X is called Cauchy if for each ε>0 and each t>0 there exists an n 0 N such that for all n n 0 and all p>0, we have N( x n + p x n ,t)>1ε.

It is well known that every convergent sequence in a fuzzy normed vector space is Cauchy. If each Cauchy sequence is convergent, then the fuzzy norm is said to be complete and the fuzzy normed vector space is called a fuzzy Banach space.

We say that a mapping f:XY between fuzzy normed vector spaces X and Y is continuous at a point x 0 X if for each sequence { x n } converging to x 0 in X, then the sequence {f( x n )} converges to f( x 0 ). If f:XY is continuous at each xX, then f:XY is said to be continuous on X.

In this paper, using the functional equation of -derivations

f(λa+b+cd)=λf(a)+f(b)+f(c)d+cf(d)

introduced in [12] we prove fuzzy version of the stability of -derivations associated to the Cauchy functional equation and the Jensen functional equation. We also prove the superstability of -derivations on fuzzy Banach -algebras.

2 Stability of -derivations on fuzzy Banach -algebras

In this section, let A be a fuzzy Banach -algebra.

Theorem 2.1 Let φ: A 4 [0,) and ψ: A 2 [0,) be control functions such that

(2.1)
(2.2)

Suppose that f:AA is a mapping with f(0)=0 satisfying the followings:

lim t N ( f ( λ a + b + c d ) λ f ( a ) f ( b ) f ( c ) d c f ( d ) , t φ ( a , b , c , d ) ) =1
(2.3)

uniformly on A 4 and for all λT:={λC:|λ|=1}

lim t N ( f ( a ) f ( a ) , t ψ ( a , a ) ) =1
(2.4)

uniformly on A 2 . Then there exists a unique -derivation δ on A satisfying

lim t N ( f ( a ) δ ( a ) , t φ ˜ ( a , a , 0 , 0 ) ) =1
(2.5)

for all aA.

Proof Let 0<ϵ<1 be given. Setting a=b, c=d=0 and λ=1 in (2.3), we can find some t 0 >0 such that

N ( f ( 2 a ) 2 f ( a ) , t φ ( a , a , 0 , 0 ) ) 1ϵ

for all aA and t t 0 . One can use induction to show that

N ( f ( 2 n a ) 2 n f ( a ) , t k = 0 n 1 2 n k 1 φ ( 2 k a , 2 k a , 0 , 0 ) ) 1ϵ.
(2.6)

Let t= t 0 and put n=p then by replacing a with 2 n a in (2.6), we obtain

N ( f ( 2 n + p a ) 2 n + p f ( 2 n a ) 2 n , t 0 2 n + p k = 0 p 1 2 p k 1 φ ( 2 n + k a , 2 n + k a , 0 , 0 ) ) 1ϵ
(2.7)

for all integers n0, p0. By the convergence of (2.1) there is n 0 N such that

t 0 2 k = n n + p 1 2 k φ ( 2 k a , 2 k a , 0 , 0 ) δ

for all n n 0 and p>0. Since the fuzzy norm N(x,) is nondecreasing, we can have

(2.8)

It follows from (2.8) and Definition 1.3 that the sequence { f ( 2 n a ) 2 n } is Cauchy. Due to the completeness of A, this sequence is convergent. Define

δ(a):=N lim n f ( 2 n a ) 2 n
(2.9)

for all aA. From the above equation, we have

δ ( 1 2 k a ) =N lim n 1 2 k f ( 2 n k a ) 2 n k = 1 2 k δ(a)
(2.10)

for each kN. Moreover, letting n=0 and passing the limit p in (2.8), we get

lim t N ( f ( a ) δ ( a ) , t φ ˜ ( a , a , 0 , 0 ) ) =1
(2.11)

for all aA. Putting c=d=0 and replacing a and b by 2 n a and 2 n b, respectively, in (2.3), there exists t 0 >0 such that

N ( 2 n f ( 2 n ( λ a + b ) ) λ 2 n f ( 2 n a ) 2 n f ( 2 n b ) , t 2 n φ ( 2 n a , 2 n b , 0 , 0 ) ) 1ϵ

for all t t 0 . Let a,bA. Temporarily fix t>0. Since lim n 1 2 n tφ( 2 n a, 2 n b,0,0)=0, there exists n 0 >0 such that

tφ ( 2 n a , 2 n a , 0 , 0 ) 2 n t 4 ,

for all n n 0 . Hence, we have

N ( δ ( λ a + b ) λ δ ( a ) δ ( b ) , t ) min { N ( δ ( λ a + b ) 2 n f ( 2 n ( λ a + b ) ) , t 4 ) , N ( λ δ ( a ) λ 2 n f ( 2 n a ) , t 4 ) , N ( δ ( b ) 2 n f ( 2 n b ) , 4 t ) , N ( f ( 2 n ( λ a + b ) ) λ f ( 2 n a ) f ( 2 n b ) , 2 n 4 t ) }

for all n n 0 and t>0. The first three terms on the second and third lines of the above inequality tend to 1 as n. Furthermore, the last term is greater than

N ( f ( 2 n ( λ a + b ) ) λ f ( 2 n a ) f ( 2 n b ) , t 0 φ ( 2 n a , 2 n b , 0 , 0 ) ) ,

which is greater than or equal to 1ϵ. Therefore,

N ( δ ( λ a + b ) λ δ ( a ) δ ( b ) , t ) 1ϵ

for all t>0. It follows that δ(λa+b)=λδ(a)+δ(b) by ( N 2 ) for all a,bA and all λT. Next, let λ= λ 1 +i λ 2 C where λ 1 , λ 2 R. Let γ 1 = λ 1 [ λ 1 ] and γ 2 = λ 2 [ λ 2 ], where [λ] denotes the integer part of λ. Then 0 γ i <1 (1i2). One can represent γ i as γ i = λ i , 1 + λ i , 2 2 such that λ i , j T (1i, j2). From (2.10), we infer that

δ ( λ x ) = δ ( λ 1 x ) + i δ ( λ 2 x ) = ( [ λ 1 ] δ ( x ) + δ ( γ 1 x ) ) +  i ( [ λ 2 ] δ ( x ) + δ ( γ 2 x ) ) = ( [ λ 1 ] δ ( x ) + 1 2 δ ( λ 1 , 1 x + λ 1 , 2 x ) ) +  i ( [ λ 2 ] δ ( x ) + 1 2 δ ( λ 2 , 1 x + λ 2 , 2 x ) ) = ( [ λ 1 ] δ ( x ) + 1 2 λ 1 , 1 δ ( x ) + 1 2 λ 1 , 2 δ ( x ) ) +  i ( [ λ 2 ] δ ( x ) + 1 2 λ 2 , 1 δ ( x ) + 1 2 λ 2 , 2 δ ( x ) ) = λ 1 δ ( x ) + i λ 2 δ ( x ) = λ δ ( x )

for all xA. Hence, δ is C-linear. Putting a=b=0 and replacing c and d by 2 n c and 2 n d, respectively, in (2.3), there exists t 0 >0 such that

N ( 2 2 n f ( 2 2 n c d ) 2 2 n f ( 2 n c ) ( 2 n d ) 2 2 n ( 2 n c ) f ( 2 n d ) , t 2 2 n φ ( 0 , 0 , 2 n c , 2 n d ) ) 1ϵ

for all t t 0 . Fix t(>0) temporarily. By (2.1) there exists n 0 >0 such that

tφ ( 0 , 0 , 2 n c , 2 n d ) 2 2 n t 4

for all n n 0 and t>0. We have

N ( δ ( c d ) δ ( c ) d c δ ( d ) , t ) min { N ( δ ( c d ) 2 2 n f ( 2 2 n c d ) , t 4 ) , N ( δ ( c ) d 2 2 n f ( 2 n c ) ( 2 n d ) , t 4 ) , N ( c δ ( d ) 2 2 n ( 2 n c ) f ( 2 n d ) , t 4 ) , N ( f ( 2 2 n c d ) f ( 2 n c ) ( 2 n d ) ( 2 n c ) f ( 2 n d ) , 2 2 n 4 t ) } min { N ( δ ( c d ) 2 2 n f ( 2 2 n c d ) , t 4 ) , N ( δ ( c ) d 2 2 n f ( 2 n c ) ( 2 n d ) , t 4 ) , N ( c δ ( d ) 2 2 n ( 2 n c ) f ( 2 n d ) , t 4 ) , N ( f ( 2 2 n c d ) f ( 2 n c ) ( 2 n d ) ( 2 n c ) f ( 2 n d ) , t φ ( 0 , 0 , 2 n c , 2 n d ) ) }

for all n n 0 and t>0. From the above computation

δ(cd)=δ(c)d+cδ(d)
(2.12)

for all c,dA. So it is a derivation on A. Moreover, it follows from (2.7) with n=0 and (2.9) that lim t N(δ(a)f(a),t φ ˜ (a,a,0,0))=1 for all aA. It is well known that the additive mapping δ satisfying (2.5) is unique (see [3] or [20]). Replacing a and a by 2 n a and 2 n a , respectively, in (2.4) we can find t 0 >0 such that

N ( 2 n f ( 2 n a ) 2 n f ( 2 n a ) , t 2 n ψ ( 2 n a , 2 n a ) ) 1ϵ

for all aA and all t> t 0 . Since lim n 2 n ψ( 2 n a, 2 n a )=0, there exists some n 0 >0 such that tψ( 2 n a, 2 n a )< t 2 n 2 for all n n 0 . Hence,

N ( δ ( a ) δ ( a ) , t ) min { N ( δ ( a ) 2 n f ( 2 n a ) , t 4 ) , N ( δ ( a ) 2 n f ( 2 n a ) , t 4 ) , N ( f ( 2 n a ) f ( 2 n a ) , 2 n t 2 ) } .

The first two terms on the right-hand side of the above inequality tend to 1 as n. Furthermore, the last term is greater than

N ( f ( 2 n a ) f ( 2 n a ) , t ψ ( 2 n a , 2 n a ) ) ,

which is greater than or equal to 1ϵ. So, we have that N(δ ( a ) δ( a ),t)>1ϵ for all t>0. It follows from that δ( a )=δ ( a ) for all aA. So, δ is a *-derivation on A. □

Theorem 2.2 Suppose that f:AA is a mapping with f(0)=0 for which there exist functions φ: A 4 [0,) and ψ: A 2 [0,) such that

φ ˜ ( a , b , c , d ) : = 1 2 n = 0 2 n φ ( 2 n a , 2 n b , 2 n c , 2 n d ) < , lim n 2 n ψ ( 2 n a , 2 n b ) = 0 , lim t N ( f ( λ a + b + c d ) λ f ( a ) f ( b ) f ( c ) d c f ( d ) , t φ ( a , b , c , d ) ) = 1 , lim t N ( f ( a ) f ( a ) , t ψ ( a , a ) ) = 1

for all λT and all a,b,c,dA. Then there exists a unique -derivation δ on A satisfying

lim t N ( f ( a ) δ ( a ) , t φ ˜ ( a , a , 0 , 0 ) ) =1

for all aA.

3 Stability of -derivations associated to the Jensen equation

The stability of the Jensen equation has been studied first by Kominek and then by several other mathematicians: ([15]). In this section, we study the stability of -derivation associated to the Jensen equation in a fuzzy Banach -algebra A.

Theorem 3.1 Let A be a fuzzy Banach -algebra. Suppose that f:AA is a mapping with f(0)=0 for which there exist functions φ: A 2 [0,) and ψ i : A 2 [0,) (1i2) such that

(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)
(3.4)

for all a,bA and all λT. Then there exists a unique -derivation δ on A satisfying

lim t N ( f ( a ) δ ( a ) , t 3 ( φ ˜ ( a , a ) + φ ˜ ( a , 3 a ) ) ) =1
(3.5)

for all aA.

Proof Let 0<ϵ<1 be given. Letting λ=1 and b=a in (3.2), we can find some t 0 >0 such that

N ( f ( a ) + f ( a ) , t φ ( a , a ) ) 1ϵ

for all aA and t t 0 . Letting λ=1 and replacing a and b by −a and 3a, respectively, in (3.2), we get also t 1 t 0 such that

N ( 2 f ( a ) f ( a ) f ( 3 a ) , t φ ( a , 3 a ) ) 1ϵ

for all aA and t t 1 . Thus,

(3.6)

for all aA. Replace a by 3 n a in (3.6)

N ( f ( 3 n a ) 3 n f ( 3 n + 1 a ) 3 n + 1 , t 3 n + 1 ( φ ( 3 n a , 3 n a ) + φ ( 3 n a , 3 n + 1 a ) ) ) 1ϵ.

Given δ>0, there exists an integer n 0 >0 such that

t 3 j = m n 1 3 j ( φ ( 3 j a , 3 j a ) + φ ( 3 j a , 3 j + 1 a ) ) δ

for all nm n 0 .

So, we have

(3.7)
(3.8)

for all nonnegative integers n, m with nm n 0 and all aA. It follows from Definition 1.3 that the sequence { 1 3 n f( 3 n a)} is a Cauchy sequence for all aA. Since A is complete, the sequence { 1 3 n f( 3 n a)} is convergent. So, one can define the mapping δ:AA by

δ(a)=N lim n 1 3 n f ( 3 n a )
(3.9)

for all aA. If we put λ=1 and replace a, b with 3 n a, 3 n b, respectively, in (3.2), we can find some t 0 >0 such that

N ( 2 f ( 3 n a + b 2 ) f ( 3 n a ) f ( 3 n b ) , 3 n t φ ( 3 n a , 3 n b ) ) 1ϵ

for all t t 0 . Fix t>0 temporarily. Since lim n 3 n φ( 3 n a, 3 n b)=0, there is some n 0 >0 such that tφ( 3 n a, 3 n b)< 3 n t 4 for all n n 0 . Then we have

N ( 2 δ ( a + b 2 ) δ ( a ) δ ( b ) , t ) min { N ( 2 δ ( a + b 2 ) 1 3 n 2 f ( 3 n a + b 2 ) , t 4 ) , N ( δ ( a ) f ( 3 n a ) 3 n , t 4 ) , N ( δ ( b ) f ( 3 n b ) 3 n , t 4 ) , N ( 2 f ( 3 n a + b 2 ) f ( 3 n a ) f ( 3 n b ) , 3 n t 4 ) }

for all a,bA and t>0. The first three terms on the second and third lines of the above inequality tend to 1 as n. Furthermore, the last term is greater than

N ( 2 f ( 3 n a + b 2 ) f ( 3 n a ) f ( 3 n b ) , t φ ( 3 n a , 3 n b ) ) ,

which is greater than or equal to 1ϵ.

So, we have

N ( 2 δ ( a + b 2 ) δ ( a ) δ ( b ) , t ) 1ϵ

for all t>0. By the definition of fuzzy norm, we have

2δ ( a + b 2 ) =δ(a)+δ(b)
(3.10)

for all a,bA. Since f(0)=0, we have δ(0)=0. Putting b=0 in (3.10), we get 2δ( a 2 )=δ(a) for each aA and, therefore, δ(a)+δ(b)=2δ( a + b 2 )=δ(a+b) for all a,bA. Moreover, letting m=0 and passing the limit n in (3.8), we get

N ( f ( a ) δ ( a ) , t 3 ( φ ˜ ( a , a ) + φ ˜ ( a , 3 a ) ) ) 1ϵ

for all aA. So, we have Eq. (3.5). It is known that such an additive mapping δ is unique. Let λT. Replacing both a and b in (3.2) by 3 n a and dividing the both sides of the obtained inequality by 3 n , there exists some t 0 >0 such that

N ( 3 n f ( λ 3 n a ) λ 3 n f ( 3 n a ) , 3 n t φ ( 3 n a , 3 n a ) ) 1ϵ

for all aA and all t t 0 . Fix t>0 temporarily. Since lim n 3 n ϕ( 3 n a, 3 n b)=0, there exists n 0 >0 such that 3 n ϕ( 3 n a, 3 n b) t 2 for all n n 0 .

If we consider the following inequality

N ( δ ( λ a ) λ δ ( a ) , t ) min { N ( δ ( λ a ) 3 n f ( λ 3 n a ) , t 4 ) , N ( λ δ ( a ) 3 n f ( λ 3 n a ) , t 4 ) , N ( 3 n f ( λ 3 n a ) 3 n f ( λ 3 n a ) , t 2 ) } ,

then the first two terms on the second line of the above inequality tend to 1 as n and the last term is greater than

N ( 3 n f ( λ 3 n a ) λ 3 n f ( 3 n a ) , 3 n t φ ( 3 n a , 3 n a ) ) ,

which is greater than or equal to 1ϵ. So, we can get δ(λa)=λδ(a) for all λC by the similar discussion in the proof Theorem 2.1. Replacing both a and a in (3.3) by 3 n a and 3 n a , and then dividing the both sides of the obtained inequality by 3 n , we find some t 0 >0 such that

N ( 3 n f ( 3 n a ) 3 n f ( 3 n a ) , t 3 n ψ 1 ( 3 n a , 3 n a ) ) 1ϵ

for all t t 0 . Fix t>0 temporarily. Since lim n 3 n ψ 1 ( 3 n a, 3 n a )=0, there exists n 0 >0 such that 3 n t ψ 1 ( 3 n a, 3 n a ) t 2 for all n n 0 . We consider the following inequality:

N ( δ ( a ) δ ( a ) , t ) min { N ( δ ( a ) 3 n f ( 3 n a ) , t 4 ) , N ( δ ( a ) 3 n f ( 3 n a ) , t 4 ) , N ( 3 n f ( 3 n a ) 3 n f ( 3 n a ) , t 2 ) } .

Then we get δ( a )=δ ( a ) for all aA. For the derivation property, replacing both a and b in (3.4) by 3 n a and 3 n b, we can find some t 0 >0 such that

N ( f ( 3 2 n a b ) 3 2 n 3 n a f ( 3 n b ) 3 2 n f ( 3 n a ) ( 3 n b ) 3 2 n , 3 n t ψ 2 ( 3 n a , 3 n b ) ) 1ϵ

for all t t 0 . By (3.4), there exists n 0 N such that 3 n t ψ 2 ( 3 n a, 3 n b) t 4 for all n n 0 and t>0. We can get δ(ab)=δ(a)b+aδ(b) for all a,bA from the following computation:

N ( δ ( a b ) a δ ( b ) δ ( a ) b , t ) min { N ( δ ( a b ) f ( 3 2 n a b ) 3 2 n , t 4 ) , N ( a δ ( b ) 3 n a f ( 3 n b ) 3 2 n , t 4 ) , N ( δ ( a ) b f ( 3 n a ) ( 3 n b ) 3 2 n , t 4 ) , N ( f ( 3 2 n a b ) 3 2 n 3 n a f ( 3 n b ) 3 2 n f ( 3 n a ) ( 3 n b ) 3 2 n , t 4 ) } .

Hence, δ is the -derivation on A that we want. □

4 Superstability of -derivations

In this section, we prove the superstability of -derivations on a fuzzy Banach -algebras. More precisely, we introduce the concept of (ψ,φ)-approximate -derivation and show that any (ψ,φ)-approximate -derivation is just a -derivation.

Definition 4.1 Suppose that A is a -normed algebra and s{1,1}. Let δ:AA be a mapping for which there exist a function φ:AA, and functions ψ i :A×AR (1i3) satisfying

lim n n s ψ i ( n s a , b ) = lim n n s ψ i ( a , n s b ) =0(a,bA)
(4.1)

such that

(4.2)
(4.3)
(4.4)

for all a,b,c,dA. Then δ is called a (ψ,φ)-approximate -derivation on A.

Theorem 4.2 Let A be a fuzzy Banach -algebra with approximate unit. Then any (ψ,φ)-approximate -derivation δ on A is a -derivation.

Proof We assume that (4.1) holds. An arbitrary ϵ>0 is given. Let a,bA and λC. For nN there exists t 0 >0 by (4.2) such that

N ( n s ( n s b δ ( λ a ) φ ( n s b ) λ a ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s b , λ a ) ) 1 ϵ , N ( n s ( φ ( n s b ) λ a λ n s b δ ( a ) ) , n s t | λ | ψ 1 ( n s b , a ) ) 1 ϵ

for all t t 0 . Fix t>0 temporarily. Since lim n n s ψ 1 ( n s a,b)= lim n n s ψ 1 (a, n s b)=0, there exists n 0 >0 such that t n s ψ 1 ( n s b,λa) t 2 and n s t|λ| ψ 1 ( n s b,a) t 2 for all n n 0 and t>0.

We have

N ( b ( δ ( λ a ) λ δ ( a ) ) , t ) = N ( n s ( n s b δ ( λ a ) φ ( n s b ) λ a + φ ( n s b ) λ a λ n s b δ ( a ) ) , t ) min { N ( n s ( n s b δ ( λ a ) φ ( n s b ) λ a ) , t 2 ) , N ( n s ( φ ( n s b ) λ a λ n s b δ ( a ) ) , t 2 ) } .

Since

N ( n s ( n s b δ ( λ a ) φ ( n s b ) λ a ) , t 2 ) N ( n s ( n s b δ ( λ a ) φ ( n s b ) λ a ) , t n s ψ 1 ( n s a , b ) )

and

N ( n s ( φ ( n s b ) λ a λ n s b δ ( a ) ) , t 2 ) N ( n s ( φ ( n s b ) λ a λ n s b δ ( a ) ) , t n s | λ | ψ 1 ( n s b , a ) ) ,

it leads us to have a conclusion that N(b(δ(λa)λδ(a)),t)1ϵ for all t>0. Therefore, b(δ(λa)λδ(a))=0 for all bA by ( N 2 ). Let { e i } i I be an approximate unit of A. If we replace b with { e i } i I , then we have

e i ( δ ( λ a ) λ δ ( a ) ) =0

for all iI. So we conclude that δ(λa)=λδ(a) for all aA and λC. Next, we are going to prove the additivity of δ. By (4.2), there exists t 0 >0 such that

N ( n s ( n s c δ ( a + b ) φ ( n s c ) ( a + b ) ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s c , a + b ) ) 1 ϵ , N ( n s ( n s c δ ( a ) φ ( n s c ) a ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s c , a ) ) 1 ϵ ,

and

N ( n s ( n s c δ ( b ) φ ( n s c ) b ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s c , b ) ) 1ϵ

for all t t 0 . Fix t>0 temporarily. By (4.1), we can find n 0 >0 such that n s t ψ 1 ( n s c,a+b) t 3 , n s t ψ 1 ( n s c,a) t 3 , and n s t ψ 1 ( n s c,b) t 3 for all n n 0 .

For the additivity, we can have

N ( c ( δ ( a + b ) δ ( a ) δ ( b ) ) , t ) = N ( n s ( n s c δ ( a + b ) φ ( n s c ) ( a + b ) ) + n s ( n s c δ ( a ) φ ( n s c ) a ) + n s ( n s c δ ( b ) φ ( n s c ) b ) , t ) min { N ( n s ( n s c δ ( a + b ) φ ( n s c ) ( a + b ) ) , t 3 ) , N ( n s ( n s c δ ( a ) φ ( n s c ) a ) , t 3 ) , N ( n s ( n s c δ ( b ) φ ( n s c ) b ) , t 3 ) } min { N ( n s ( n s c δ ( a + b ) φ ( n s c ) ( a + b ) ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s c , a + b ) ) , N ( n s ( n s c δ ( a ) φ ( n s c ) a ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s c , a ) ) , N ( n s ( n s c δ ( b ) φ ( n s c ) b ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s c , b ) ) } .

Since all terms of the final inequality of the above inequality are larger than 1ϵ, we can have N(c(δ(a+b)δ(a)δ(b)),t)>1ϵ for all t>0. We can get c(δ(a+b)δ(a)δ(b))=0 for all a,b,cA by ( N 2 ). By using the approximate unit of A, we have that δ(a+b)=δ(a)+δ(b) for all a,bA. Next, we are going to show the derivation property of δ. From (4.2) and (4.1), there exists t 0 >0 such that

N ( n s ( n s z δ ( a b ) φ ( n s z ) ( a b ) ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s z , a b ) ) 1 ϵ , N ( n s ( φ ( n s z ) a b n s z ( δ ( a ) b + a δ ( b ) ) ) , n s t ψ 2 ( n s z , a b ) ) 1 ϵ

for all t t 0 . By (4.1), we can find n 0 >0 such that n s t ψ 1 ( n s z,ab) t 2 and n s t ψ 2 ( n s z,ab) t 2 for all n n 0 . The following computation

N ( z ( δ ( a b ) δ ( a ) b a δ ( b ) ) , t ) min { N ( n s ( n s z δ ( a b ) φ ( n s z ) ( a b ) ) , t 2 ) , N ( n s ( φ ( n s z ) a b n s z ( δ ( a ) b + a δ ( b ) ) ) , t 2 ) } min { N ( n s ( n s z δ ( a b ) φ ( n s z ) ( a b ) ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s z , a b ) ) , N ( n s ( φ ( n s z ) a b n s z ( δ ( a ) b + a δ ( b ) ) ) , n s t ψ 2 ( n s z , a b ) ) } 1 ϵ

yields that δ(ab)=δ(a)b+aδ(b) for all a,bA. By (4.2) and (4.4) there exists t 0 >0 such that

N ( n s ( n s z δ ( a ) φ ( n s z ) a ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s z , a ) ) 1 ϵ , N ( n s ( φ ( n s z ) a n s z δ ( a ) ) , n s t ψ 3 ( n s z , a ) ) 1 ϵ

for all t t 0 . For fixing t>0 temporarily, there exists n 0 >0 such that n s t ψ 1 ( n s z, a ) t 2 and n s t ψ 3 ( n s z,a) t 2 for n n 0 . From the following computation

N ( z ( δ ( a ) δ ( a ) ) , t ) = N ( n s ( n s z δ ( a ) φ ( n s z ) a ) + n s ( φ ( n s z ) a n s z δ ( a ) ) , t ) min { N ( n s ( n s z δ ( a ) φ ( n s z ) a ) , t 2 ) , N ( n s ( φ ( n s z ) a n s z δ ( a ) ) , t 2 ) } min { N ( n s ( n s z δ ( a ) φ ( n s z ) a ) , n s t ψ 1 ( n s z , a ) ) , N ( n s ( φ ( n s z ) a n s z δ ( a ) ) , n s t ψ 3 ( n s z , a ) ) } > 1 ϵ

we can have N(z(δ( a )δ ( a ) ),t)>1ϵ for all t>0. By ( N 2 ) and using approximate unit δ( a )=δ ( a ) for all aA. Thus, δ is a -derivation on A. □

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Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank the editor Prof. Wong and two referees for their valuable comments. And the author was partially supported by the Research Fund, University of Ulsan 2011.

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Jang, S.Y. Approximate -derivations on fuzzy Banach -algebras. Adv Differ Equ 2012, 132 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-132

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