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The numerical solution of partial differential-algebraic equations
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2013, Article number: 8 (2013)
Abstract
In this paper, a numerical solution of partial differential-algebraic equations (PDAEs) is considered by multivariate Padé approximations. We applied this method to an example. First, PDAE has been converted to power series by two-dimensional differential transformation, and then the numerical solution of the equation was put into a multivariate Padé series form. Thus, we obtained the numerical solution of PDAEs.
1 Introduction
In this study, we consider linear partial differential-algebraic equations (PDAEs) of the form
where and , are constant matrices, . We are interested in cases where at least one of the matrices, A or B, is singular. The two special cases or lead to ordinary differential equations or DAEs which are not considered here. Therefore, in this paper we assume that none of the matrices A or B is the zero matrix [1–3]. Many important mathematical models can be expressed in terms of PDAEs. Such models arise in many areas of mathematics, engineering, the physical sciences and population growth. In recent years, much research has been focused on the numerical solution of PDAEs [4, 5]. Some numerical methods have been developed using Runge-Kutta methods [6, 7]. The purpose of this paper is to consider the numerical solution of PDAEs by using multivariate Padé approximations.
2 Two-dimensional differential transformation
The basic definition of the two-dimensional differential transform is given as follows [8–13]:
where is the original function and is the transformed function. The transformation is called T-function and lower case and upper case letters represent the original and transformed functions respectively. The differential inverse transform of is defined as
and from Equations (2) and (3) can be concluded
3 Multivariate Padé approximants
Consider the bivariate function with Taylor series development
around the origin. We know that a solution of the univariate Padé approximation problem for
is given by
and
Let us now multiply the j th row in and by () and afterwards divide the j th column in and by (). This results in a multiplication of numerator and denominator by . Having done so, we get
if ().
This quotient of determinants can also immediately be written down for a bivariate function . The sum will be replaced by the k th partial sum of the Taylor series development of and the expression by an expression that contains all the terms of degree k in . Here a bivariate term is said to be of degree .
If we define
and
then it is easy to see that and are of the form
We know that and are called Padé equations [3, 14]. So, the multivariate Padé approximant of order for is defined as
4 Numerical example
The test problem considers the following PDAE [6]:

where
The exact solution is
Equivalently, Equation (14) can be written as
By using the basic definition of the two-dimensional differential transform and taking the transform of Equation (16), we can obtain that
Consequently, by substituting the values of , we have obtained
The power series , and can be transformed into multivariate Padé approximation

5 Conclusions
The method for solving partial differential-algebraic equations (PDAEs) has been proposed. The results of the example showed from Tables 1-3 and Figures 1-6 that exactly the same solutions have been obtained with multivariate Padé approximation. On the other hand, the results are quite reliable. Therefore, this method can be applied to many complicated PDAEs.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the referees for valuable comments and suggestions which improved the presentation of this manuscript. This study was supported by The Scientific Research Projects of Atatürk University.
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Yigider, M., Çelik, E. The numerical solution of partial differential-algebraic equations. Adv Differ Equ 2013, 8 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-8
Keywords
- partial differential-algebraic equation (PDAE)
- two-dimensional differential transformation
- multivariate Padé approximation